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Norfolk, Va. 



Compiled, and. Issued by the 



Chamber of Commerce, 



1890. 



NOUFOLK, VA. 

OnEFN, BURKE 4 GREGORY, PRINTERS, 

1890. 



I 

AND 

pIGURES 



ABOUT 



Norfolk, Va. 



Compiled and. Issued by the 

Chamber of Commerce, 



1890. 



NORFOI.K, VA. 

GREEN. BURKE 8c GREGORY, PRINTERS, 

18B0L 



COPIES o 



iLET 



cVl i-.l- 



u 



P0N APP> 



CHAMBER OF COMMERCE, 



NORFOLK, VIRGINIA. 



BOARD FOR 1890. 



OKF'IOKRS. 



President, 

1st Vice-President, 

2d " - - 

Treasurer. 

Secretary and Superintendent, 



William Lamb 

James T. Borum 

Harry Hodges 

Washington Tatlor 

Samuel R. BorujM 



BOARD OK DIRECTORS. 

Jas. H. Watters, B. P. Loyall, F. Richardson, 



Geo. W. Taylor, 
Geo. R. Dunn, 
N. M. Osborne, 



Barton ilyers, 
D. Lowenherg, 
W. M. Hannah, 



M. L. T. Davis, 
V. D. Groner, 
A. P. Thorn, 



W. W. Tunis, 
R. A. Dobie, 
L. D. Smith, 



CHAMBER OF COMMERCE, -^ 

Norfolk, Va., October 28, 1890. ) 

At a quarterly meeting of this body, held in their rooms this day, 
the following report was offered by the Secretary concerning the 
trade and commerce of this port, together with such other facts and 
figures relating to our growth in population, real estate values, etc., 
that by the unanimous vote of the large membership present, it was 
ordered that ten thousand copies of it be printed in pamphlet form 
for general circulation. After the transaction of other business, and 
partakmg oi an acceptable lunch, which is usual on these occasions, 
the meeting adjourned. 

SAMUEL R. BORUM, WILLIAM LAMB, 

, . . Secy and Supt, President, 



Secrktary's Report. 



INTRODUCTION. 



To the President and Members of the Chamber of Commerce : 

Gentlemen — The conspicuous position which the city of Norfolk 
holds to-day in the hearts of her own people, and in the minds of the 
outside world by reason of her grand location and climate, her 
splendid harbor, and deep water, is too plainly seen to be disputed, 
and while we rejoice at the marked evidences of advancement which 
have already been made, we should not pause m our efforts to 
encourage and promote its increase. 

This Chamber in its steady efforts to make public the growing 
trade and commerce of our city, in collecting and publishing the sta- 
tistics of this port, as well as its forward movements in real estate 
values, and industrial development, deserves notable mention. 

So plain is this fact, that letters of enquiry are almost daily re- 
ceived at this Chamber from writers in various parts of the country, 
asking for the fullest information upon matters of transportation, land 
values and sites for manufacturing, water courses, soil, health, cli- 
mate, etc., as may be desirable to those looking for a new home, or 
for the investment of capital. 

Vv'ith this demand upon us, I have concluded to submit to this 
meeting a report designed to cover the information which is being 
sought, and which, if it shall meet your approval, may be put in con- 
venient shape for circulation. ^ 

To " strike while the iron is hot" ;s a maxim which should govern 
PS to-day, 

Respectfully submitted, 

SAMUEL R. BORUM. 

Sec'y and Supt. 



TO THE RfiADEK* 



This pamphlet is issued for the sole purpose of making you 
acquainted with Norfolk's advancement in trade, commerce, and 
industrial growth. 

To make this more striking, comparison is made with former years, 
before we could boast of nine railroads, and twice as many steamship 
lines terminating in this harbor. 

In location and situation, the city of Norfolk needs no introduc- 
tion at our hands ; every map published within the two past centu- 
ries, contains the information that it is situated in Eastern Virginia, 
on the Elizabeth river, seventeen miles from the Atlantic ocean by 
land, and about thirty miles by water through the Chesapeake bay 
and Hampton Roads, whose waters are broad enough, and deep 
enough to float the largest ships in the world. Other pages of this 
work will tell of its great harbor, and limitless facilities for trade and 
commerce with all portions of the wide world, and of its internal 
and natural advantages as a home, or for the profitable employment 
of capital. 

In mercantile pursuits our city is well represented in all the lead- 
ing lines of trade. The grocery and provision interests being the 
largest, maintains eighteen wholesale houses, with an aggregate 
business of $5,000,000 — with an additional 240 retail establishments, 
aggregating probably as much more. 

The hay, grain and feed business has grown to large proportions, 
and is represented by several firms who supply in car-load lots, and 
at retail, the several articles in that line. The aggregate trade is 
estimated at $1,000,000, and elsewhere will be found in our statistics, 
the compartive receipts from January i, 1888, to the date of this 
publication. 

In hardware, boots and shoes, dry goods, hats, drugs, clothing, 
jewelry, bakers and confectionery, notions, millinery and fancy goods, 
books and stationery, paper, wood and willow ware, furniture, car- 
pets, and household furnishings, we have good representation, and in 
qualities and styles to please a cultured, refined and exacting taste. 

In the line of household supplies we name coal, ice, wood, stoves, 
tinware, and in fact in all needful articles, an ample supply for every 
demand. 



In aorricultural implements and machinery, carriage, wagon and 
harness, we have several large establishments manufacturing their 
stock to meet a trade, estimated at $2,000,000. 

Several foundries and machine shops doing a large business, and 
five large establisliKnents for furnishing of supplies to factories, rail- 
roads and steamboats, builders and millers, and the business is a 
large and profitable one. 

Ten fL-rtiiizing establishments working large forces, and several 
dealers besides, supply every demand from our farmers and truck- 
ers, and the business is constantly growing. 

In our harbor we have a well-equipped establishment for the pre- 
paration of logs, piles and lumber by the most advanced creosoting 
process known at this time. Its business, which began four years 
ago, has now spread over many states, and its work has proved not 
onlv satisfactory to leading engineers, but saved many thousands of 
dollars from the certain destruction by the worm which attacks with 
marked fury the uncreosoted pile, or log. The material for wharf 
building, docks, railroad ties, etc., which this establishment is now 
putting out, places it in the front with other leading and profitable 
industries. 

But it is not altogether in the line of mercantile pursuits and man- 
ficturing industries that we crave for Norfolk your notice and admi- 
ration. 

It is in her natural resources, and the boundless limit to which 
these may be cultivated and multiplied, that gives her marked dis- 
tinction in comparison with any other place, or city, on the Atlantic 
seaboard. 

As a mart, she is conspicuous in lumber, coal, oysters, early vege- 
tables, peanuts and cotton, and these by the forces now employed, may 
be almost indefinitely multiplied. 

Within the past decade these opportunities have attracted the 
attention of capitalists, and transportation managers, until one after 
another, following in quick succession, have given the port direct and 
speedy access to the cotton centres of the south, and to the grana- 
aries and provision depots in the west. Here they may pour their 
millions of tonnage, and find every facility for its quick shipment 
through this harbor unobstructed at all seasons to the leading mar- 
kets of the world. 



7 

OUR LUMBER XRADE;. 



There is no article of Southern production that can vie with 
lumber in its importance to this port Prior to the year i860 the 
manufacture of lumber in this section, was a financial disaster to 
every one who engaged in it. 

Not that we lacked the crude material, in the millions of acres 
near at hand, of Southern pine, oak, ash, poplar, maple, chestnut, 
gum and other woods ; but the machinery, skilled labor and di- 
rection, with a limited market for the manufactured product. Since 
about 1870 a new and prosperous era has favored that trade. 

In that year the total production of manufactured lumber, ready 
for the hand of the carpenter to mould into use, was given at fifty 
millions of feet ; and now, in 1890, it reaches the stupendous figure 
of three hundred and twenty millions of feet, cut from the forest, 
sawed and dressed by the most approved machinery, some of 
which is original with our local millers, patented and controlled by 
them, and not in use by any other lumber manufacturers in this 
country. 

The capital invested in this branch of trade and industry, in order 
to produce such an immense output of lumber, is greater by many 
times than any other branch of business in this locality. 

There is no article of our commerce that gives employment to so 
many persons, or that maintains so many families by the large amounts 
of money annually paid out to a class of laborers and mechanics as 
is distributed by our producers of manufactured lumber. 

To make these facts plainer, we give the figures in detail as fur- 
nished the Chamber of Commerce by the Lumbermen's Committee. 

" There are in and around Norfolk sixty (60) saw mills and plan- 
ing mills whose annual production is now three hundred and twenty 
million (320,000,000) feet of lumber, worth about 4,500,000 dollars 
at wholesale prices. 

These mills employ about (5,000) five thousand men ; their pay- 
rolls aggregate ($150,000) one hundred and fifty thousand dollars 
per month, or nearly ($2,000,000) two millions of dollars annually. 

In addition to these figures, these mills require thousands of 
dollars worth of provisions for their men, and many more thousands 



8 

of dollars worth of hay and feed for the jjfreat number of cattle 
employed in hauling timber and logs out of the forest. 

This, together with a large amount paid out for chains, axes, rope 
and other supplies needed in this work, places the lumber interest, 
in this immediate locality, very far ahead in the line of home profit 
and production of any other branch of business enterprises in our 
midst ; and it is growing larger and larger every year in order to 
supply the increasing demand from ail parts of this great country, for 
Southern pine lumber. 

Norfolk, therefore, becomes the distributing point for this large 
output of lumber, and, at times, it is almost impossible to secure 
ready transportation for it, even with our numerous lines of railroad 
and steamers ; but when the fact is stated that three hundred and 
twenty millions feet requires 32,000 freight cars of 10,000 feet each, 
or 3,200 vessels of 200 tons each, to carry this lumber away, some 
idea may be formed as to the requirements for transportation facili- 
ties, and occasional delays made obvious. 

The amount of capital invested in these mills and outstanding 
timber exceeds ($5,000,000 five millions of dollars. 

Our trade in staves, shingles, railroad ties and other prepared 
lumber, for coastwise and foreign demand, is estimated at not less 
than f $1,500, 000 I one million five hundred thousand dollars. 



COAL. 



In addition to our local trade in coal for home consumption, which 
is estimated at 55,000 tons, we have at our doors the great depot at 
Lambert's Point, where the celebrated Pocahontas mines deposit 
their product for sale and delivery, and which is now conceded to be 
the best steam coal produced in this country from any source. The 
pier constructed at this point was constructed in 1884. It is 894 
feet long and 60 feet wide, with an extreme height of 48 feet above 
high water mark. The water is twenty-six feet deep at low tide, where 
the largest class of vessels can take on cargoes of this famous steam 
coal. The loading is done to expedite the demand both day and 
night. 



9 

From this pier at Lambert's Point there was delivered by the 
agents 

in 1886 504,153 tons 

in 1887 695,822 " 

in 1888 883,759 " 

in 1889 1,020,508 " 

Giving a total of 3,104,242 tons 

for the four years named, and which was deUvered to 3,821 steamers, 
brigs, ships and other sailing craft, both large and small. 

It may be added that the Norfolk & Western Railroad Co., tht 
owners of these now celebrated mines have, within the present year, 
doubled their capacity for storage at Lambert's Point, that they may 
be fully prepared to supply the demand which is steadily gi owing. 

Their stately piers in our harbor, only two miles below the city, 
do not fail to attract the attention of every person who reache.^ 
our city through the broad and deep waters of the Elizabeth. 

OUR OYSXEIC XRAOE. 



The waters of the Chesapeake Bay and the rivers and creeks by 
which they are washed are known the world over for the immense 
beds of oysters which lie beneath their surface, and many thousands 
of men, both white and colored, earn their living at "oystering." 

For the shucking and preparing these oysters for other markets, 
there are about twenty tirms engaged in this business in Norfolk and 
its suburbs. The total "catch" for a season will average about 
2,000,000 bushels. The season lasts about eight months, say from 
September ist to April 30th, and boats carrying from ten bushels to 
hundreds of bushels are constantly employed to supply the demand 
for this arid other cities. 

This industry enables a large portion of our population to live 
comfortably, and they like the work. 

In 187S the estimate made of our oyster trade was $350,030, and 
in 1886 has grown to the surprising amount of $2,500,000 per annum . 

Our state authorities reported in the last year named that there 
were 18,864 persons engaged in fisheries, all of which are in tidewater 
Virginia. Norfolk, being the center of this great business, the re- 
port gives the capital employed at $1,914,119, and the value of the 
products at $3,124,444. 



lo 



TRUCK, OR KA1RLY VEGETABLES. 



Norfolk may be said to be the centre of the greatest market garden 
in the United States. These great truck farms extend over an area 
of about twenty- five miles in diameter, covering Norfolk county and 
a part of Princess Anne and Nansemond, and no other section of 
like proportions can show the amount of truck produced by this or 
the amount of cash received for the produce. 

The heart of the trucking season lasts about six weeks, covering 
June and apart of May and July. During this period our large 
transportation lines put on extra steamships, and a daily line is es- 
tablished between Norfolk and all of the Northern markets. From 
the best information obtainable, we would estimate that the move- 
ment of truck during these six weeks average between 250,000 and 
300,000 packages per week, or about 1,700,000 packages during the 
season. To handle this immense volume of produce, both in gath- 
ering and preparing for market and in its transportation, a very large 
number of people are required, a large proportion of whom have to 
be drawn from other parts of the country, principally North Carolina, 
though many come from long distances during the season. 

This trade in 1879 was estimated by growers and dealers at 
$1,751,645, and for the current year it is estimated to have reached 
about $4,500,000, as the following schedule will justify : 



QUANTITY. 



VALUE. 



Cabbage, barrels. 

Potatoes, " 

Spinach, " 
Kale, 

Lettuce, " 

Melons, " 

Tomatoea, boxes . 

Beans, '' 

Cucumbers, " 

Peas " 

Asparagus " 

Berries, quarts . 
Misc. vegetables, pckgs. 



347,130 

500,000 

122.829 

177,707 

8,174 

836,153 

92,591 

80,935 

46,280 

185,415 

2.928 

9,465,306 

180,949 



$ 433,912 50 

1,500,000 00 

245.658 00 

177,707 00 

28,609 00 
104,519 00 

69,443 25 
121,402 50 

34,710 00 
324,476 25 

17,568 00 
946,530 60 
536,241 75 



Total 4,54 1 ,077 85 






Virginia is recognized as the largest producer of peanuts. North 
Carolina and Tennessee also produce them, but statistics show that 
they fall far behind our owtn state, and, in fact, the crop of these two 
states combined in the fifteen years from 1874 to 1888 inclusive, did 
not equal Virginia's production by about seven and a half millions of 
bushels. The crop in Virginia in 1874 was estimated at 225,000 
bushels, and in 1888 at 2,250,000 bushels. Last year (1889) the 
crop was very short, owing to unseasonable weather, but the crop 
for the present year, 1890, (now coming into market) is estimated at 
2,700,000 bushels of good quality, and exceeds the crop of 1889 by 
1,100,000 bushels. It will therefore be seen that this year's crop is 
likely to turn into the pockets of our farmers about two million of 
dollars ($2,000,000) as the proceeds of that crop, and Norfolk mer- 
chants will handle, as usual, a liberal share of this crop. 

PEANUT FACTORIES. 

There are four large buildings in this city devoted to the purpose 
of cleaning and grading peanuts. These establishments are operated 
by different companies, who employ a large number of operatives, a 
majority of whom are colored women and girls. The nuts are taken 
from the farmer and put through machines which take off the dirt 
and polish the shell. This machine is a Norfolk invention, and the 
process is a secret one. There is also a bleaching process, a Nor- 
folk invention, which is applied to mildewed nuts to brighten them, 
thus materially enhancing their market value. 

The amount of capital required in the business is between $400,000 
and $500,000, working between 600 and 800 operatives, male and 
female, earning quite $75,000 per annum wages in the re-cleaning 
and hand-picking process. 

This city has for years occupied a leading position among the few 
large peanut markets of the world. 



12 
OUR COXXON XRAD£. 



Until about the year 1858 the receipts of cotton at this port were 
almost too insignificent to be noticed in our trade reports. The sec- 
tion of country then trading in Norfolk produced largely of corn, 
oats and peas, and these were the principle articles at tliat time to 
which the farmer gave his attention. But about this period the at- 
tention of these farmers was turned to the cultivation of the great sta- 
ple as being more certain and profitable to them. 

The following table exhibits the receipts of cotton by bales at Nor- 
lolk for the years named, beginning with September ist and ending 
with August 31st of each year : 

Year. Bales. Yenr. Bales. 

1858-'9 6,174 1876-'7 509,(312 

lS59-'60 17,777 1877-'8 430,557 

18(i0-'l 33,19:^, 1878 '9 443,285 

[ 1S61 to 1865— the Civil war. J 187;)-'80 597,086 

1865-'6 59,096 1880-'l 713,026 

1866-'7 126,387 188l-'2 622,883 

1867-'8 155,591 1982-'3 800,133 

1868-'9 164,789 1883-'4 583,837 

1869-'70 178,352 1884-'5 548,823 

1870-'l 302,930 1885'6 562,580 

1871-"2 258,730 1886-'7 556,538 

1872-'3 405,412 1887-'8 500,308 

1873 '4 472,446 1888-'9 506,171 

1874-'5 393,672 1889-'90 412,741 

1875-'6 469,998 

And for the present crop of 1890 the receipts from September ist 
to December 13th were 342,795 bales, being an excess of 86,059 bales 
compared with a like period in 1889. 

The falling off m our receipts since 1883 was attributable to re- 
duced crops in the Carolinas, and the combination of transportation 
companies in diverting the staple to West Point, in this State, which 
otherwise would have been brought to this port. The tide, how- 
ever, is already turning in our favor, as shown in the receipts of the 
present season at both places ; the figures being turnished by our 
Cotton Exchange as follows : 

WEST POINT, VA. 

Keoeipts from Sept. 1, 1889, to December 13 200,006 bales 

" for same period this year 191,299 " 

Decrease 8,707 " 



13 

NORFOLK, VA. 

Receipts from Sept. 1, 1890, to Dec. 13 842,795 bales 

" for same period last year 256,736 '• 

IticreMse 86,0.59 " 

The recent completion of the Norfolk & Carolina Railroad and 
the Atlantic & Danville has contributed largely to our trade this 
year in cotton and general merchandise as well ; and upon the ex- 
tension of the Seaboard & Roanoke system to Atlanta, Ga., which 
will be completed before the next cotton season — these lines will 
greatly augment our receipts. 

Norfolk has now five powerfnl presses with capacity for compress- 
ing 7,ooo bales in twenty -four hours, or 4.000 bales in twelve hours 
of day labor, and it may be claimed that with low rates of handling 
and port charges, Norfolk has no rival upon the Atlantic coast for 
the handling cf this great southern product. 



OITR KXPORT xi«.4of:. 

We obtain from the Collector of Customs at this port the fol- 
lowing figures, giving tonnage and values at this port for the fiscal 
years ending June 30th, from 1870 to 1890 inclusive: 

Year Tonnage Value Year Tonnage Value 

1870 13,502 $ 886,594 1881 127,964 $16,264,137 

1871 19,174 727,997 1882 120,838. ...... 19,845,337 

1872 20,371 975,793 1!^83 99,282 14,315,298 

1873 30,795 1 .2.55,420 1884 103,014 15,585,377, 

1874 48,675 3,701,006 1885 85,261 10,341,709 

1875 53,638 6,395,162 1886 185.150 14.145,211 

1876 66,138 7,815,112 1887 259.844 14,714,404 

1877 62,148 6,277,249 1888 259,291 13,812.641 

1878 84,771 10,029,248 1889 335,021 12,813,854 

1879 108,287 9,820,258 1890 401,217 14,247,477 

1880 132,608 18,166,959 

Variations in these figures for the several years is accounted for 
in our cotton receipts, which is the leading article in our export 
trade. 

Other merchandise and products consist of coal, lumber, timber, 
staves, bark, corn, wheat, flour, naval stores, cattle, tobacco and 
Other miscellaneous araeles of minor note. 



14 

Vessel entered and cleared at this port during the fiscal year 
eyidinp; June joth, i8go : 

DIRECTION ENTERED CLEARED 

No. Tons No. Tons 

Foreign I07 111,460 353 416,149 

Coastwise l,3r;0 1,371,315 1,154 1.115,771 



Total 1,457 1,482,775 1,507 1,531 ,920 

From U. S. Treasury Department, Statistical Bureau, November 
report, we find the exports for three Virginia ports, as follows : 

For 10 months For 10 month? 

ending Oct. 31, ending Oct. 31, 

1890 1889. 

Norfolk $10,486,106 $7,003,306 

Newport' News 6,537,690 5.085,368 

Richmond 4,37-2,034 7,061,884 

Increase in 1890, Norfolk 49 75 per cent. 

" " Newport News 28.00 " 

Decrease " Richmond 38.00 " 



KOISFOI^K'vS AlOfNUAI^ BUv^IKESS. 



In 18S0 the aggregate of our total trade was placed at $38,200,436. 

It 1883 it was estimated to be $^^,o\i,6=)6. Whether these 
figures were approximated with sound judgment or not, it is not 
our task now to question them ; but with better facilities em- 
ployed at this Chamber for the past three years, we can furnish 
figures more nearly approximating accuracy than has heretofore 
been possible. 

By diligent efforts we can now obtain statistical information from 
transportation companies which, in the years above named, was 
almost impossible, and steady application to this work will soon 
enable us to defy criticism. 

From our schedule we compile the following figures as showing 
in part, our receipts for the year 1889 : 

irrocerips aud Provisions. 



Flour, barrels. 221,400 Butter, pounds 1,004,050 

Pork, ' 13,600 Lard, " 3,274.550 

Fish, " 27,000 Cheese, " 709,200 

Sugar " 28.565 Meat, " .19,791,920 

Molasses and Syrups, bbls., 6,588 UoflFee, " 1,160,520 

Beef (salt), bbl8 1,100 h Tea, packages. . ^,060 



15 

|{ Miscellaneous. 

Hay and Grain Products. ' Cotton Seed Oil, bbls 29,970 

Naval Stores, " 22,375 

Hay, tons 12,648 Cattle, head 7,343 

Corn, bnsbels 819,401 Hogs and Sheep, head. .- . 6,811 

Oats, bushels 272,397 Coal Oil, barrels. . . .• 41,000 

Cornmeal, bushels 239,995 ^ggs, packages 31,219 

lliQ^. " 19 870 Pig Iron, tons 89,265 

Bran " ........ 153158 Pocahontas Coal, tons 1,020,508 

jjyg ' <• !]!!!".!. 6248 i; Tobacco, hogsheads 21,003 

' I " packages n6,806 



This report precludes at this date the receipts for the year 1890, 
which new show, by comparison for the expired months, large gains 
in all leading articles over the year 1889. 

We find in Norfolk more than 1,380 tradesmen, artisans, profess- 
ions and other of miscellaneous avocations which aggregate a large 
business. Figures, therefore, computed with care, give us the total 
of about $75,000,000 of annual trade and commerce for Norfolk's 
present population, of which we hereafter make note. 



POPULAXIOI* A3S© EXPANSION. 



From official reports of the United States census office, we find the 
population, as enumerated for Norfolk city in 1890, given at 34,986, 
and Portsmouth at 12,345. In 1870 the population of Norfolk was 
stated to be 19,229, in 1880 at 21,966, and with the figures given as 
above, 34,986 for 1890, our percentage of increase shows 14 per 
cent, for the first decade and 59.27 per cent, for the last. 

This increase is not surprising when we find the old city covered 
with stores and dwellings in almost every available space, and the 
suburbs for three miles out in every direction selling at $1,000 to 
$1,500 per acre, and lots 25x110 selling readily at $250 to $800 each 
within easy access to the city. 

■'Observer," in the Norfolk Virginian, of recent date, has this to 
say about the present situation : 

A few years ago a land boomer would probably describe Lambert's Point 
as a locality where all facilities existed, and where every imaginable oppor- 
tunity was at hand to aid the purposes of commerce. This description would 
probably, at that time, compel some people to shrug their shoulders, shake 



i6 

their heads and express themselves in a manner not at all complimentary to 
the predictions of real estate agents; but to-day ihe wharves of Lambert's 
Point are crowded with shipping, which carry from our shores the products 
of the Sunny South. That Norfolk has made wonderful progress in the on- 
ward march of cities of the south is palpable to anybody who has lived here 
for any lengthened period. Let a person, alter an absence ol some years, re- 
visit Norfolk. Palatial residences have sprung up and superseded very mod- 
est buildings where our visitor perhaps at one time slept peacefully, per- 
fectly unconscious of future changes, and so remarkable and varied have been 
the intprovements that if he were possessed of a good imagination he would 
come to the conclusion that Norfolk was endeavoring to disguise herself 
through the instrumentality of architectural changes from the admiring gaze 
of her old citizens. 



Becaase Norfolk is a seaport city why is she not a desirable 
location for manufacturing plants ? 

A glance at our statistics will show that we have at hand all the 
lumber, coal and iron at first hands and in abundant quantities. 

On the line of three of our railroads, penetrating southwest and 
west Virginia, hard w'oods and those suitable for the construction of 
domestic wares — especially furniture — may be found in great abun- 
dance, and transported to this city at a minimum expense. 

A belt line railroad around this harbor, and soon to be built, will 
give equal facilities to five railroads, already here, to deliver as well 
as receive freight at the doors of the factory for shipment over land 
or water to any portion of the country. 

Recent investments in lard around Norfolk, by home and foreign 
capitalists, have enabled them to offer sites for manufacturmg plants 
upon the most favorable terms ; and through a Promoting and 
Investment Company, organized under a liberal charter, are ready 
to lend or invest in the establishing of manufacturing industries. 

Letters of enquiry will receive prompt attention if addressed to the 
Secretary of the Chamber of Commerce. 



17 
PHYSICAI. AISD FINANCIAL GI«.0"WTH. 

The reader of these pages cannot lail to realize that there has been a marked 
material development in this ancient city within the last ten years, and that 
the forces now at work will necessarily bring a more wonderful increase 
within the next decade. 

It 1 as been our aim to place only facts before the public, as they are, that 
far-seeing men may calculate the profits which judicious investments are sure 
to bring in the near future. With the advent ot the current year a notable 
demand was observed for city and suburban property, and gradually the 
figures paid were startling. Property on or near the water front, within three 
to five miles above and below the city found ready buyers at $500 to |1,500 
per acre, about ten times the price at which they could have been bought two 
years ago. 

This activity, not yet at the flood, has been stimulated by our growth in 
trade relations with other sections through railroad extensions, and the de- 
velopment by trunk lines concentrating in this harbor. Capitalists from 
the money centres in this country and in Europe have placed, and are placing 
their capital here in vast sums, thus showing their confidence in the belief 
that Norfolk, with its great harbor and location, is about to attain the destiny 
which many great and wise men have in the past predicted for her. 

The following figures will illustrate the movement in property transfers for 
the current year : 

Transactions in Real Estate in Norfolk County, and the Cities of 
• Norfolk and Portsmouth During the Year 1890, are Recorded as 
Follows : 

In Norfolk County $3,801,003 00 

In Norfolk City 3.540,69.5 00 

In Portsmouth City 734,90:1 00 

Total $7,076,598 00 

It is estimated that the sales of land in Norfolk County for the year, and 
represented in the above table, reached about 8,500 acres. 

ASSESSMEST of real estate in NORFOLK CITY FOR THE YEAR 1890 COM- 
PARED WITH THAT MADE in 1885. 

TN 1890. 

NORFOLK CITY (FOUR OLD WARDS.) 

Value of land 3; 9,435,661 

Value of huilding-s 7.124.688 

$16,560,349 

ATLANTIC CITY WARD. 

Value Of land $ 1,419,180 

Yftlueof buildings ,.,. , ,., ,„.., 151,350 

f J,5TO,430 



i8 

BKAMBLETON WARD. 

Value Of land $ 1,337,191 

Value of buildings 557.220 

* 1,794,411 

Total value of land $12,092,032 

Total value of buildings 7.8o3,1.58 

.<19.925,1P0 
Assessed value of real estate in city of Norfolk ? 19,92.5, 190 

COM FAKED WITH 1885. 

Four old wards, new assessment $l6,.5tiO,349 

Four old wards, old assessment 12,307,130 

Increase in five years in four wards $ 4,253,219 

Add new assessment in the neV wards, given above in detail 3,.364,841 

Total increase of taxable values in five years $ 7,618,060 

The following is a comparative statement ai' the taxable values as l)etween 
1890 and the assessment lor 1891 : 

Four wards (new assessment for 1891) $16,.560,349 

Taxable real estate value 1890 12,785,395 

Increase $ 3,774,954 

Brambleton (new assessments for 1891) 1,794,411 

Assessments 1890 1,082,720 

Increase $ 711,691 

Atlantic City (new assessment for 1889) f 1,.570,430 

Assessments 1889 57,.370 

Increase $ 1,033,060 

Total increase of the assessment for 1891 over values of 1890 $ .5,519,705 

Total state and city taxes, .t;'2.20 per $100 of value, (city $1.60, water 20c, state 40c.) 

CITY REVENUE COMPARED. 

For taxes. Licenses. 

1 n 1890 .f 285,556.31 $74,677.84 

In 1884 236,352.64 54,087.90 

Increase $49,203.67 $20,589.94 



T«iiORFOLK'^ ACREACiE. 



Prior to the annexation of the two Wards now known as Bram- 
bleton and Atlantic City, the acreage of the city was, upon the au- 
thority of City Eng^ineer W. T. Brooke, 88o acres. In 1887 Bram- 
bleton added 340 acres, and in 1890 Atlantic City gave an additional 
1,250 acres. Total acreage of the present city is therefore 2,470, or 
within ^ fraction of four square miles. 



19 
OUR RAILROADS AND THEIR CONNECTIONS. 

The following railroads, alphabetically arranged, practically terminate in 
Norfolk. Those that have planted their depots in the suburbs reach the city 
by their own special ferry and barge connections : 

THE ATLANTIC AND DANVILLE RAILROAD, 

from Portsmouth to Danville, Va., via Suffolk, Franklin, Courtland and 
Belfield, to Danville, Va., and now extending their line west of the latter 
city to Bristol, Tenu. 

THE CHESAPEAKE AND OHIO RAILROAD, 

from Norfolk by steamer to Newport News, thence to Richmond, Charlotts- 
ville, Staunton, the principal Virginia and West Virginia springs. Hunting - 
ton, Cincinnati, Louisville, Chicago, and all points west and southwest, and 
connects with the Southern Pacific railroad. 

THE EASTERN CAROLINA DISPATCH, 

from Norfolk to Newberne, Kinston, Goldsboro, and all points reached by the 
Atlantic and North Carolina railroad by steamer to Washington, N. C, and 
landings on the Tar river. 

THE NORFOLK AND WESTERN RAILROAD, 

from Norfolk to Suffolk, Petersburg, Lynchburg, Roanoke, Bristol, and all 
points south and west via East Tennessee, Virginia and Georgia railroad, with 
connections at Suffolk with the Seaboard and Roanoke, the Atlantic and Dan- 
ville, Norfolk and Carolina, and west as far as Kansas City. Other connections 
at Waverly with the Atlantic and Danville railroad ; at Pe tersburg with the 
Atlantic Coast Line; At Lynchburg with the Virginia Midland ; at Roanoke 
with Shenandoah Valley ; at Burkville with Richmond and Danville. Ex- 
tensions from Radfjrd to Pocahontas ; from Pulaski City to Ivanhoe ; from 
Glade Spring to Saltville. 

THE NORFOLK AND CAROLINA, 

from Norfolk to Tarboro, a part of the Atlantic Coast Line system, reaching 
via Tarboro, Goldsboro Wilson, Fayetteville and Raleigh, Wilmington, 
Charleston, Savannah, and points in South Carolina, Florida and Georgia, 
with branches to Scotland Neck, Greenville, Plymouth and Kinston, N. C, 
connecting with all points on the Wilmington and Weldon Railroad. 

THE NEW YORK, PHILADELPHIA AND NORFOLK, 

via Cape Charles to Wilmington, Chester, Philadelphia and New York. All 
interior Delaware, New Jersey and Pennsylvania points, with connections 
east and west over the Pennsylvania railroad, of which this is a favorable 
connection. 

THE SEABOARD AIR LINE SYSTEM OF RAILROADS 

is composed of the Seaboard and Roanoke, Raleigh and Gaston, Raleigh and 



20 

Augusta, Carolina Central, Durham and Northern and Georgia, Carolina and 
Northern Railroads, with branches from Franklinton to Lonisburg, N. C, 
from Moncure to Pittsborough ; from Cameron to Carthage, and from Hamlet 
to Gibsons, and gives Norlolk direct connections with Weldon, Henderson, 
Durham, Raleigh and all points on the Cape Fear and Yadkin Valley Rail- 
road, Wadesboro, Monroe, Charlotte, Liucolnton, Shelby and Rutherfordton, 
N. C, and Chester, Clinton, Greenwood and Abbeville, S. C; also Augusta, 
Atlanta and Macon, Ga., and all parts in the South. 

THE NORFOLK SOUTHERN RAILROAD, 

from Norfolk to Elizabeth City, connecting with steamers for the Pasquotank 
and Alligator Rivers. At Edenton, steamer Plymouth for all points on the 
Roanoke River and by steamer Roberts for all points on the Scuppernong and 
Chowan Rivers. 

THE OCEAN VIEW RAILROAD. 

This road runs Irom Norfolk to Ocean View, a favorite summer resort on 
the Chesapeake Bay, eight miles from the city. A good hotel, fine bathing 
and fishing, and many thousands frequent it from May to September. 

THE VIRAINIA BEACH RAILROAD. 

From Norfolk, eighteen miles to the Atlantic Ocean, at Virginia Beach, 
five miles south of Cape Kenry. The finest sand beach on the coast only a 
hundred yards from the hotel piazza. Surf bathing in all its purity and 
stimulating etfects, fishing, hunting and boating on the lake immediately in 
rear of hotel. Beautiful shade, lovely promenading grounds and numerous 
private cottages. 



OCEAB(, BAY A^U RIVER LIXES. 

The following lines by water transportation have a home in this Harbor 
and for many years identified with this port. Many of them have grown 
from small beginnings to great power and wealth through their connections 
with our railroads which transfer both ways their freights to destination : 

The BAY LINE, from Norfolk to Baltimore, 

William Randall, Agent. 

The OLD DOMINION S. S. CO., from Norfolk to New York, 
CuLPEPER & Turner, Agents. 

The CLYDE LINE, from Philadelphia to Norfolk, 

Jas. W. McCaarrick, Agent. 

The CLYDE NORTH CAROLINA LINE, 

,)a8. W. McCarrick, Agent. 

The OLD DOMINION AND NORTH CAROLINA LINE, 
CuLPEPER & Turner, Agents. 



21 

The OLD DOMINION VIRGINIA LINE, 

CuLPEPER & Turner, Agents. 
The MERCHANTS AND MINERS TRANSPORTATION CO., 

Richard H. Wright, Agent. 
The VIRGINIA STEAMBOAT CO., 

Jas. W. McOarrick, Agent. 
The INLAND SEABOARD COASTING CO., to Washington, D. C, 

Jas. W. McCarrick, Agent. 
The POTOMAC STEAMBOAT CO., to Washington, D. C, 

V. D. Groner, Agent. 
The PETERSBURG AND NORFOLK STEAMBOAT CO., 
W. L. Wilkinson, Agent. 
Numerous other lines navigating the waters of Virginia, and penetrating 
North Carolina, are known as Bennett's, Jones', Harbinger's, Johnson's, 
Roanoke, Norfolk and Baltimore, etc., forming close connection with 
scores of towns and villages having Norfolk as their trading point. 

CANALS. 

The Albermarle and Chesapeake Canal, with only one lock, 210x40 feet, 
connecting this port with the rivers and sounds of North Carolina through 
to Florida, is a valuable feeder, and brings to this market millions of ton- 
nage of lumber and farm products that cannot otherwise reach or bear land 
transportation. Franklin Weld, President. 



A XO'WN IBJ r68o — A BOROUGH IN 1736— A CITY 

IN 1845. 



From the fourth edition of "Norfolk as a Business Centre," issued in 1884, 
we learn that the name Norfolk was originally bestowed upon the district, 
afterwards county, by one Col. Thorogood, one of the earliest settlers, in honor 
of his native country in England, and a similar sentiment of patriotism 
would appear to have suggested the designation of other towns and localities 
in Virginia which abounds in names borrowed from the mother countr3\ We 
learn, also, from the same source, that the General Assembly of the State in 
1680 authorized the purchase of fifty acres of land for the "town" of Norfolk 
and in pursuance of this authority a tract which forms the northwestern 
portion of the present city was purchased in 1683 for 10,000 pounds of to- 
bacco, from Nicholas Wise, a carpenter, whose father had acquired some rep- 
utation as a local ship builder. 

From that time forward the town appears to have enjoyed a long period of 
almost uninterrupted prosperity, during which the population continued to 



11 

increase and multiply and lier commercial influence to expand, for in Se^ 
tember, 1736, slie was formally incorporated by Royal Charter, as a Borough, 
with a mayor, recorder and eight aldermen. 

Such has been M'ritteu of the early history of Norfolk. Her share of the 
horrors of the revolution, and the war of 1812, are matters of history, and 
need not be repeated here. 

In 1787 a charter was obtained by the States of Virginia and North Caro- 
lina under which the Dismal Swamp Canal was commenced in 1787, and 
opened for navigation in 1828. In 1801 the navy yard on the Portsmouth 
side of our inner harbor was established, the land being ceded by the Gov- 
ernor of Virginia to the United States Government by authority of the Gen- 
eral Assembly. In 1804 Tom Moore, "Erin's sweetest poet," visited Norfolk, 
and subsequently embalmed in verse the famous "Lake Drummond, That 
Mighty Reservoir of Water in the Great Dismal Swamp." 

The visit of General Lafayette to Norfolk in 1824 was the occasion of much 
social entertainment, and great honors were paid to this conspicuous friend 
of the American Republic. 

The centennial of Norfolk's incorporation as a Borough was duly cele- 
brated in 1836, and on February 13th, 1845, by an act of the General Assem- 
bly, Norfolk's charter was amended and she became a city with all its honors, 
privileges and responsibilities. 

AS SEEI« BY OTHER EYES THAIS OURS. 



So much has been written by non-residents of Norfolk to the journals of 
other cities, about its growth and prospects, and the abundant opportunities 
here for the investment of capital, that we have been constrained to reproduce 
a few of these letters to give additional force to what we have ourselves 
written. Disinterested praise will go further with some readers than that 
which has the suspicion of self-interest. 

We, therefore, commend these letters to the careful perusal of every one 
who turns these pages for light and information about Norfolk and its vicinity. 

The Hakhoii of Nokfolk. — Lieu't. Henry H. Barroll, U. S. N., in charge 
of the branch Hydrographic office in Norfolk, has, by special request, con- 
tributed to this report an article upon the harbor of Norfolk. Of course, the 
writer, who is a keen observer and has had experience, by reason of his posi- 
tion and intellectual attainments in various portions of the world, sees, and 
is willing to commit to print his own impressions of this great harbor. 



23 



— FOR — 

LAND AND INIPROVEIVIBNT 
COIVIPANIBS. 



In the Corporation and Circuit Court records for the city we find 
the following Charters granted during the year 1890. All enquiries 
addressed to the Presidents of these Companies at the Norfolk P. O. 
will receive prompt reply : 



NAME OP COMPANY. 


CAPITAL. 


PKESIDENT. 


The Atlantic Improvement Co., 


1 50,000 00 


D. Lowenberg. 


The Atlantic and Chesapeake Real 






Estate Association, 


500,000 00 


W. D. Pender. 


The Atlantic City Improvement Co., 


50,000 00 


L. H. Shields. 


The Brambleton Heights Co., 


50,000 00 


L. H. Shields. 


The Bedford Park Land Co., 


100,000 00 


Walter F. Irvine. 


The Bedford City Development Co., 


100,000 00 


0. M. Styron. 


The Chesapeake Land Co., 


50,000 00 


Foster Black. 


The Commonwealth Realty Co., 


300,000 00 


A. E Campe. 


The Central Land Co., 


175,000 00 


J. A. Welch. 


The Cape Henry Park and Land Co., 


300,000 00 


R. H. Baker. 


The Eureka Co., 


25,000 00 


Fergus Reid. 


The Eastern Branch Improvement Co., 


100,000 00 


W. A. Wrenn. 


The East Norfolk Land and Improve- 






ment Co., 


50,000 00 


F. D. Pinkeiton. 


The Elizabeth Land and Improve- 






ment Co., 


300,000 00 


William Pannill. 


The East Virginia Land and Improve- 






ment Co., 


100,000 00 


George D. Pleasant. 


The Glasgow Development Co., 


750 000 00 


Barton Myer.«. 


The Investment Co., of Norfolk, 


300,000 00 


Barton Myers. 


The Lambert's Point Improvement C 0., 


25,000 00 


C. W. Fentress; 


The Lambert's Point Co., 


200,000 00 


William Lamb. 


The Lambert's Point Land and De- 






velopment Co., 


100,000 00 


Granville Gaines, 


The Lambert's Point Development Co., 


100,000 00 


W. R. Marberry. 


The Lambert's Point Co. of Norfolk, 


300,000 00 


Barton Myers. 


The Land Investment Co., of Norfolk, 


300 000 00 


C.A.Nash. 


The Lambert's Point Water Front Co., 


300,000 00 


Barton Myers. 


The Lambert's Point Land Co., 


75,000 00 


William Lamb. 


The North Brook Land Co., 


100,000 00 


George R. *Dunn. 


The Norfolk Co., 


5,000,000 00 


John H. Dingee. 


The Norfolk Water Front Develop- 






ment Co., 1 


800,000 00 i 


Barton Myers. 



24 



NAME OF COMPANY. 



PKESIDENT. 



The Norfolk and Lambert's Point 

Land Co., 
The Norfolk Manufacturing Co., 
The Norfolk Invpstment Co., 
The North Norfolk Co., 
The Norfolk Suburban Land Co., 
The National Investment Co., 
The Norfolk Industrial Development 

Co., 
The Norfolk and Lambert's Point Co., 
The North Roanoke Land and Im- 
provement Co., 
The Norfolk Rolleston Co. 
The Norfolk and Eastern Investment 

Co., 
The Northeast Norfolk Land Co., 
The Norfolk Development Co., 
The Norfolk Terminal Land C<>., 

The Old Dominion Investment Co., of 
Newport News, 

The River Front Land Co. 
The River View Land Co., 
The Rock Creek Co., 

The Sovith Norfolk Land Co., 
The South Portsmouth Land and Im- 
provement Co., 
The Seaboard Land and Development 

Co., 
The Safety Land Co., 
The South Border Investment Co., 
The South Norfolk Investment Co., 

The Virginia and Kentucky Improve- 
ment Co., 
The Virginia Investment Co., 
The Virginia Land Co. of Bedford, 

The West Atlantic City Land Co., 
The West Portsmouth Land Co., 
The West End Real Estate Co., of 
Norfolk. 



100,000 00 
TjO.OOO 00 
50,000 00 

500,000 00 
15,001) 00 

300,000 00 

1,000,000 00 
100,000 00 

50,0(K) 00 
50,000 00 

1,000,000 00 
500,000 00 
100,000 00 
500,000 00 



B. Moormaw. 
E. Campe. 
E. V. White. 
Jno. M. Littig. 
H. L. Page. 
Geo. T. Scott. 

Barton Myers. 
L. H. Shields. 

Jas. S. Simmons. 
Jas. W. Gerow. 

John Q. Hoyt. 
M. Umstadtcr. 
L. D. Smith. 
J. T. Fitzgerald. 



100,000 00 L. P. Stearnes. 



100,000 00 

150,000 00 

150,00U 00 

50,000 00 

50,000 00 



V. D. Groner. 
Charles R. Nash. 
T. S Garnett. 

C. G. Joynes. 
F. Richardson. 



100,000 00 Walter Sharp. 



200,000 00 
300,000 00 
300,000 00 



50,000 00 

50,000 00 

150,000 00 

25,000 00 
50,000 00 



Thos. Pan_-iill 

J. Taylor EUyson. 

J. W. Perry. 



Barton Myers. 

E. V. White. 
Mills L. Eure . 

Fred M. Killam. 

F. Richardson. 



300,000 00 Geo. R. Dunn. 



25 

HYGIENE AND CLIMATIC CONDITIONS. 



By special request the following^ article is furnished for publication 
in this report. It is prepared with care by a close student and ob- 
server of all matters relating to hygienic and climatology, whose able 
help was invited by the late Dr. A. Y. P. Garnett, U. S. A., at Wash- 
ington, D. C, to furnish the data for this portion of tidewater Vir- 
ginia for the American Climatological Society in 1888. 

Dr. Jackson has resided in Norfolk for twenty-five years, and en- 
joys a large practice, and a high place in the profession, as a man of 
learning and scientific attainments. 

As ex-President and Honorary Fellow of the Virginia State Med- 
ical Society, member of the American Medical Association and of 
the Ninth International Medical Congress, he is fully qualified to 
treat of the matters which are herewith furnished in behalf of his 
adopted home. 



Norfolk, Va., December 15tb, 1890. 
SAMUEL R. BORUM, Esq., 

Secretary and Superintendent Chamber of Commerce : 

My Dear Sir: — I, with pleasure, comply with your request to furnish you 
sucli facts with regard to the climate and health of Norfollc, as may be "of in- 
terest to persons at a distance who may contemplate a removal to this city 
for business or pleasure." 

To do this seems hardly necessary at this time, for, judging from the 
crowds of people who frequent our places of resort, it might be supposed that 
our delightful climate was appreciated, and that our northern friends had be- 
come satisfied as to the healthfulness of this locality. 

Persons living in the same latitude as Norfolk, but at a distance from the 
A-tlantic coast, could hardly realize and, without a study of the causes, would 
find it difficult to understand the mildness of our climate as compared with 
their own. 

The influence of the water is well understood here, for vegetation is much 
earlier on those farms which are directly locateo on the edge of streams ; and 
for trucking purposes, such farms are always most in demand. 

It may be asked "Why has the water so much effect on the climate and 
vegetation '?" It is owing not so much to our proximity to th« Gulf Stream 
as it is to the eddies from that great "ocean river," which are caused by the 
impediment to the northward flow of its western edge, which is produced by 
the great rush of water from the Chesapeake Bay and from all of its tributaries 



26 

through the narrow gate -way between the Virginia capes. This immense 
body of water must have sufficient momentum to force it far out to sea, and 
thup by heading off the current of the western (which in this latitude is the 
warmer) edge of the Gulf Stream, it causes a reflection of this warm water to 
our coast and into all the bays and estuaries with which it is indented. This 
is the reason why such myriads of wild fowl, ducks, geese and swan migrate 
to this region on the appearance of winter. And the migration of these 
birds, one might suppose, would furnish a suggestion to human beings as to 
the best localities for resort in order to escajje the rigors of winter. The Gulf 
Stream is nearer to the American coast between Capes Hatteras and Henry 
than anywhere else, and this proximity, together with the eddies above alluded 
to, afford a satisfactory explanation of the mildness of our climate. 

After leaving the Virginia capes this mysterious current trends rapidij' to 
the east, until when opposite the New Jersey coast it is four or five times the 
distance from its shore than it is from the Virginia coast. The farther north 
it goes the greater its divergence from the American shore, and after more 
than 2,000 miles of travel, during which it must have spent a large amount of 
its heat, it reaches the Irish coast with sufficient warmth retained to render 
that far off northern region the beautiful green spot that it is. But for the 
heat derived from this source, instead of being the ''Emerald Isle," Ireland 
would be as cold and barren as Labrador or Greenland. But the genial in- 
fluence of the Gulf Stream is felt even still further north than this. It can 
be traced as far as the coast of Norway, upon which it has made possible tJie 
location of the most northerly city on the globe, (Hammerfest) in latitude 
70° 40^. the water of whose harbor is never frozen. 

It can readily be understood, then, that such a region, with a climate so 
mild as seldom to be colder than 16° above zero, where ice but seldom forms, 
where snow, if it falls at all, lies but a few hours on the ground ; ii region, 
almost surrounded by water which has been warmed, as explained above: by 
water whose vapor is surcharged with oxygon ; a region contiguous to the 
great cypress and juniper forests of the Dismal Swamp, and to the ozone-pro- 
ducing pine forests of tide water Virginia f-nd eastern North Carolina, and 
finally that such a region would be a most favorable locality for persons liable 
to pulmonary disease. However much the highlands of Colorado may be 
vaunted as the place for consumptives, my own experience warrants me in 
declaring that I would rather take my chances here than so close to the line 
of perpetual snow as are those elevated localities, and I believe we can furnish 
a better showing than they in the treatment of this class of diseases. 

It is well known to us that Norfolk has had the reputation abroad of being 
an unhealthy place. This impression, as unreasonable as it is unfortunate, 
was produced by a sickness among some (ronps who, during the war of 1812, 
were stationed at what was then a veiy unhealthy locality some miles from 
Norfolk, and also by the disastrous importation of yellow fever in 185.^, by 
which latter epidemic the city lost some two thousand of her inhabitants. 
This would'have ruined the prospects of Norfolk but for the fact that it was 



27 

known that the disease was imported and had not been generated here; and 
further, that the subsequent winter proved sufficiently severe to destroy the 
last vestige of the disease so that it has never revived since, and will never re- 
appear unless through carelessness or inadvertence of the health authorities. 

That Norfolk suffered many years ago from malarial diseases cannot be 
doubted, and a little reflection and a comparison of the condition of things at 
that time with that of the present, will explain the cause of the prevalence 
then as well as the present immunity from this class of diseases. 

When No; folk was first located, as is the case with every town near the 
water, the higher points of laud nearest the water's edge were selected for oc- 
cupation. The desire for water fronts caused the city to grow mostly at the 
water's edge The filling up of low places at the shore cut off" from the tide 
depressions away from the water, and converted what had been inlets 
into stagnant ponds, and these furnished the most favorable nidi ibrthe ma- 
larial poison. Since the city has grown beyond these ponds and has reached 
the higher background these sources of intection are entirely removed, and at 
this time it may be safely declared that the malarial poison is not generated 
within the city limits, and, indeed, for some distance beyond. 

It has been my habit for some years to inquire into the history of every 
case of malarial fever occurring in my practice, and it is seldom the case that 
I fiiil to trace the disease to some locality distant from the city. Not only has 
the filling up of the depressions alluded to contributed largely to the health of 
the city, but also the admirable system of sewerage, which has only been com- 
pleted within two years, hfjs had much to do in diminishing the death rate, 
which, at this time, compares most favorably with the healthiest cities of this 
or any other country. In corroboration of this statement let us refer to the 
statistics of the past year, which is really the first year the sewerage could 
have had effect upon the health of the city. 

The number of deaths per thousand of population for the year ending July 
1st, 1890, was 21.77 ; of whites the number per thousand for the same period 
was 16.90; of colored, 28.22 per thousand The large excess of deaths among 
the colored people is well understood by those who are familiar with theii' 
mode of life. Their uncleanly habits, the want of ventilation, and the total 
exclusion of sunlight from their dwellings are the chief factors in causing the 
production of their high death rate. For these reasons the death rate 
of the whites should only enter into the calculation ; and this we 
see is now at the low rate of 16.5 per thousand for the year 1890. 

Let us now sum up the conditions which are found to exist here, and which 
render Norfolk not only a desirable and pleasant place of residence, but also 
a valuable health resort. 

1st. A comparatively equable climate, with less range of temperature than 
any locality east of the Rocky Mountains 

2d. A delightful winter climate, about the temperature of Georgia or 
northern Louisiana, having about the same winter isotherm as Shreveport. 
3d. A delightful summer climate, so cooled by the southeast sea breeze as 



28 

to make our summer isotherm about that of Kansas City. There is no need of 
leaving Norfolk in order to escape the heat of summer. I have suffered more 
from heat in New York than I have ever done in Norfolk. 

4th. The prevalence of sea breezes containing an excess of oxygen, -which 
are peculiarly grateful, valuable and beneficial to those consumptives who 
suffer from dyspmca. 

5th. Our proximity to the great pine forests of eastern Virginia and North 
Carolina, which are found to be generators of ozone, (an allotropic form of 
oxygen) one of the most valuable conditions for consumptives. 

fith. Our proximity to the Gulf Stream, which contributes to our charming 
winter, not only by the breezes which, after being warmed by its surface bears 
its delightful t.emperaturc to us, but also by its eddies which actually lave our 
shores. 

7th. Our. winter climate, though not severe, is sufficiently cold to destroy 
disease producing germs, for in no instance has yellow fever been known to 
live through the winter so as to revive on the reappearance of warm weather. 

In addition to what I have written here I beg leave to refer you to a com- 
munication contributed by me at the request of a committee of the American 
Climotalogical Association, which is included in the report of Dr. A. Y. P. 
Garnett, of Washington, to that national society. 

These paptrs discuss the points contained in this communication more 
fully than I Lave been able. to do at this time, and in addition furnish most in- 
teresting and valuable comparisons of tho climate of Norfolk with that of 
other points on the Atlantic coast. 

Hoping that this may serve your purpo.se, and will direct attention to this, 
the finest climate cast of the Rocky Mountains, I am 

Yours truly, S. K. Jacv:son, M. D. 

P. S. 

Since writing the above I happened to glance at the weather map issued 
by the signal bureau for this day, December 18th, which so fully confirms the 
assertions made by me that I cannot forbear extending my communication for 
the purpose of copying from it some of its figures. I wish I. could reproduce 
the whole map. 

The isothermal line passing through N(U-fo1k is marked 10° ; after 
leaving this city it passes through the following places, at all of wliich the 
temperature is just the same, viz , 40°: First Lynchburg, then it dips south 
and passes off the coast above Wilmington, N. C, (which is 38°) then sweeps 
to S. W., crosses Florida south of Jacksonville, (which is 38°) then west 
across the northern edge of the Gulf of Mexico, strikes the land between New 
Orleans (44°) and Mobile, (32°) rises toward the northwest through Shreve- 
port, dips rapidly south into Texas considerably to the east of Rio Grande 
City, whose temperature is as low as 34°, 6° below Norfolk's. This map en- 
ables us to compare Norfolk's temperature with other cities to the south of us 
and the statement may astonish those who have not paid attention to this sub- 
ject. The temperature of Norfolk and all the places mentioned as being on 



29 

the same isothermal line is 40°, Wilmington, N. C, 38°; Charleston, S. C, 38°; 
Augusta, 38°; Atlanta, 32°; Savannah, 38°; Jacksonville, 38°; Montgomery, 
32°; Meridian, 32°; Vicksburg, 30°; Memphis, 34°; Cairo, in the same latitude 
as Norfolk, 28°; Nashville, 36°; Knoxville, 32°; Charlotte, 38°; Mobile, 32°. 
The only localities recorded as higher than Norfolk are Hatteras, 42 °; Titus- 
ville, Fla., 42°; Jupiter, in southern part of Florida, 48°; New Orleans, 44°; 
San Antonia, 48°; Corpus Christi, 42°; Brownsville, 46°; Palestine, La., 46°. 

This is a most remarkable showing, but the same may be seen to be the 
case often during the winter. 

On this day, December 18th, 1890, whose record is given above, occuri-ed 
the clearing up of a N. E. storm, which was hardly recognized as such at 
Norfolk. But little rain and no snow fell during its passage over us, while 
some 100 or 150 miles to the west of us the severest snow storm occurred since 
that of 1857. While we have not seen a flake of snow we see accounts of the 
crushing in of houses, of the blocking up of roads, and of numerous houses 
snowed in, from the Shenandoah Valley and west to the Ohio river. 

On the coast to the north of us immense damage is reported, as on the New 
Jersey coast, at Long Branch, Asbury Park and Atlantic City. Houses are 
reported to be either surrounded by water or washed out to sea, and large 
portions of the several health resorts are reported submerged. Truly we have 
cause to be thankful, for no such disaster on our coast has been reported. 

Equally interesting and important is another report which has just been 
brought to my attention. It coBtains some statistics furnished by Rev. Dr. 
Barten, on the occurrence of the twenty -fifth anniversary of his rectorship of 
Christ Church. Though it is the report of but one parish, it may be taken as 
an index of all others in the city, and is well worth reproducing : 

In the twenty-five years there were 1,152 funerals, as follows: Under 1 
year, 214; 1 to 10, 155 ; 10 to 20, 39; 20 to 80, 110; 30 to 40, 128; 40 to 50, 
130 ; 50 to 60, 115 ; 60 to 70, 96 ; 70 to 80, 103 ; 81 to 90, 52 ; 90 to 92, 2 ; 94 to 
95, 1 ; 96, 1 ; 98, 1 ; 99, 1. By this showing of the 1,152 deaths, 165 of them 
•were persons over 70 years of age. or 14.3 per cent. 

This is a most favorable exhibit, and needs no comment. 

S. K. Jackson, M. D. 



COAST DEFENSES— CHESAPEAKE BAY. 



BY HON. MARSHALL PARKS 



Since the introduction of [modern war ships and heavy ordnance our old- 
fashioned stone forts are no longer able to defend the seaport cities, and they 
are at the mercy of any second rate power. 

The defense of the Chesapeake is the only protection to our national cap- 
ital and the numerous cities and towns that are on the rivers that flow into 
the Bay, It would seem, therefore, that the proper place for defence should 



30 

be at the "gates of the ocean." Cape Henry and Cape Charles are only ten 
miles apart, but there are many shoals on the Cape Charles side, and heavy 
laden sliips must enter near Cape Henry. It is proposed to remove the Rip 
Raps, Fort (Calhoun-Wool,) as it is no longer necessary for an adjunct to 
Fortress Monroe, and transplant it on the middle ground between Cape 
Henry and Cape Charles, about six miles distant from the former, and erect 
upon it a modern steel clad structure, mounted with the heaviest guns, and 
so arranged to furnish shelter for a few small torpedo boats; to build at Cape 
Henry earth works fortifications and unite them with submarine cables hav- 
ing all the latest appliances for submarine batteries. Lynn Haven river, close 
under Cape Henry, may V)e made a central station for torpedo boats to assist 
in the defence. 

Should the enemy attempt to land any where south along the coast, by the 
construction of a few short canals and removal of a few shoals in the natural 
waterways, these torpedoes and mortar boats may proceed as far south as 
Florida without going one mile in the ocean. 

If the mortar and torpedo boats should be required north they may pro- 
ceed up Chesapeake Bay and through the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal to 
Philadelphia and thence by Delaware and Raritan Canal to New York and, 
if required on the Lakes, go to Oswego or Buffalo by the Erie Canal. 

The old tower formerly used as a light-house at Cape Henry could have 
an electric search light placed ut)on it. 



the; harbor op xorfolk, virgit^ia. 



BY HENKY II. BARKOLL, LIEU'T. U. S. NAVY. 



Norfolk, owing to its fortunate geographical position, is necessarily one of 
the most important shipping points on the Atlantic coast. As regards safety 
and facility of access, it has no superior among the Northern ports ; while 
those farther southward do not in any degree compare with itr in either of the 
above advantages. 

The Gulf Stream, transporting immense volumes of tropically heated 
water, flowing north, is breasted off to the eastward by Cape Hatteras, 
Experience shows that the cyclonic storms, occurring during the months of 
July, August and September, have a tendency to re-curve to the eastward in 
latitudes varying from 28° to 32° north — Cape Hatteras being in about 35°. 
and Cape Henry in about 37°, north latitude. 

The warm atmosphere resting above the surface of the Gulf Stream is met 
l)y tlie cold air-walls, borne in waves from the northwest, producing gales, 
squalls or stormy weather ; and causing the 'passage of Cape Hatteras to be 
generally attended with more or less difficulty and danger. 

Norfolk furnishes the first secure ha,rbo]- to the northward of this cape, and 



31 

also a safe outlet through which all of the vast inland commerce, arriving 
from below this point, may seek the ocean. 

Water carriage will ever hold the supremacy over transportation by any 
other means. As regards her advantages in this respect, Norfolk can claim 
to be one of the most favored cities in the United States. 

The broad entrance to Chesapeake Bay, a body of water which, for com- 
mercial purposes has no equal, allows vessels under either steam or sail to 
readily enter Hampton Roads, where is found the largest and safest harbor 
south of New York, The James and Elizabeth rivers, here meeting, form a 
triangular estuary in which large fleets of merchant shipping may, through- 
out the most violent gales, safely ride at anchor. 

There is a 36-foot channel, well marked with buoys and lighthouses, and 
varying in width from 100 to 1,000 yards, which leads from the entrance of 
Chesapeake Bay to the wharves of Norfolk, and also beyond, to the United 
8tates Navy Yard. It is well to particularly notice this, since, notwithstand- 
ing the dredging of this channel at great expense, by the national govern- 
ment, still foreign shippers are not generally aware of its existence. 

There are thirty-two pilots allowed by the state law, and the authorized 
pilotage is smaller than that of any other port in the United States, being 
from $2.50 to |4.50 per foot, according to the vessel's draught. 

Two important water-ways — the Dismal Swamp Canal and the Albermarle 
and Chesapeake Canal — connect the North Carolina Sounds with Chesapeake 
Bay, making a part of that system of inland navigation which extends from 
Beaufort and Newberne, North Carolina, to Baltimore, Philadelphia, New 
York, and if so desired, to the great Northern Lakes. 

These water-ways are arteries, through which flow from the Albermarle 
and Pamplico Sounds, and their tributary streams, the varied commercial 
products of Eastern North Carolina, and territory even farther south and 
west. 

Until our attention is directed to this fact, we fail to realize the extent to 
which these inland passages are used; but a glance at the statistics of Nor- 
folk's lumber and stave trade will give an idea of their importance, when we 
reflect that, substantially, the entire supply of timber introduced into the 
Norfolk market, may be said to arrive through these canals. 

Huge rafts, like immense serpents, wind along, each in tow of a diminitive 
tug, the total expense of which, though slight, is yet sufficient to allow a 
fair profit to the raftsmen as well as to the lumber dealer ; while the tugs re- 
turn, having in tow, long lines of schooners loaded with farming machinery 
and other manufactured articles from the workshops of Norfolk and citiea 
further north. 

The James River and Chesapeake Bay naturally deliver their produce at 
Norfolk. These, with their tributary streams, represent a total length of 
1,500 miles of tidal coast. That of the North Carolina Sounds further aug- 
ments this to about 2,500 miles of coast line which, although inland water, is 
yet daily washed and purified by the salt waves. 



32 

The climate is such an equable one that the three neighboring seaside resorts, 
Old Point Comfort, Virginia Beacli and Ocean View, may well declare them- 
selves to be either winter or summer resorts. The thermometer in summer 
ranges between 70° and 90° Fahr., and in winter rarely falls below 20°. 

The mean annual rainfall is about 52 inches, fairly distributed throughout 
the year, about 35 inches being precipitated during that period extending 
from the 1st of March to the 1st of October, the time when the crops are grow- 
ing. Possibly it is due to this tempering of the climate by the Gulf Stream, 
and also to the certainty of an abundance of rain when most needed, that 
Norfolk has become a great trucking centre on the Atlantic. coast. Be the 
cause what it may, those persons who have visited all parts of the globe con- 
cur in asserting that here is found a market which is equal to, if not supe- 
rior, to any other market in the world. The market for vegetables, game, 
poultry and fish is always excellent. 

The oyster interest of Chesapeake Bay, though much deteriorated in later 
years, owing to injudicious dredging and insufficient protection, is now being 
better guarded through stringent laws enacted by those states whose inter- 
ests have been so jeopardized, and oyster planting is now being largely re- 
sorted to in order to replace the devastation of the natural beds. Oyster cul- 
ture is more proiltable, acre for acre, than the raising of any other article of 
food. Norfolk is the natural centre for this trade, so far as the waters of the 
Cliesapeake Bay and its tributaries are concerned, and has for her only rival 
the city of Baltimore, a place more difficult of access to the oysterman. 

Already Lambert's Point and Newport News have become the greatest 
coaling stations on the Atlantic coast, while the grade of coal here handled, 
"Pocahontas" produces the finest steaming results, and is preferred by the 
ocean greyhounds in making their great transatlantic races. 

The United States Navy Yard, with its two dry docks and modern steel- 
working machinery, and the recently established ship building plant at New- 
port's News, with a dry dock of greatei- capacity than, any other in America, 
give an assurance of having at all times, in this vicinity plenty of skilled 
workmen and the proper facilities for docking and repairing the largest 
ocean steamships. 

Norfolk stands where each of the several lines of railroad, leading from 
the south and west, finds its earliest and most reliable seaboard terminus. 

Although large cities are sometimes found located inland, as Loudon, 
Paris, etc., yet history shows it to be the invariable rule that at those points 
where there are good harbors, or where large water courses meet the ocean, 
great and j^opulous cities will be established. Norfolk possesses both of these 
advantages, and her fine harbor, with its tributary water communication, as- 
sures to her the fact that slie will in the future become the largest city of the 
South. 



33 
VIRCillVIA'S HISTORIC CITY. 



BY A SPECIAIi CORRESPONDENT OF THE NEW YORK EVENING F03T, JUNE 

25th, 1890. 

Southern "booms" are suggestive of artificiality in many cases. But the 
good old town of Norfolk, Virginia, which is renewing its youth nowadays 
in a particularly lusty and aggressive manner, cannot be suspected of em- 
ploying the tricks of the professional boomer's trade. Its age protects its 
reputation, and furthermore, the evidences of the solidity of its boom are too 
many and obvious to be gainsaid or belittled. 

There is no reason why Norfolk should not become speedily one of the 
largest, richest and most important cities ot tlie United States. In fact, in 
' the writer's opinion— which is the opinion of a disinterested New Yorker 
who has had occasion to visit Norfolk several times within the last few years, 
and to observe its growth during that period— Virginia's historic "City by the 
Sea" is under full headway towards the realization of that possibility. ^ 

THE NATURAL ADVANTAGES 

in its favor are known to the nation, but not so well known or appreciated as 
they might be ; and what has been done in the recent past in the line of com- 
mercial and social advance is worthy of attention from the business men and 
capitalists of the North. 

Norfolk is the leading seaport of Virginia, and by nature was fitted and in- 
tended for the chief seaport of the South. Its harbor is the best in all re- 
spects on the Atlantic coast, south of New York, and in one important re- 
spect is superior to that of New York— it has no bar. Within twenty-five 
miles of the open ocean, and with a perfectly straight and clear course out 
into deep water, the port is nevertheless so situated as to be completely 
landlocked and protected from storms at all seasons. The Elizabeth river, a 
tidal estuary setting in from the Chesapeake, afi"ords a wide, calm, deep road- 
stead along the water front of Norfolk and of its sister city, Portsmouth 
with twenty-five feet of water at the docks, and ample opportunity for load- 
ing and unloading the largest vessels with the utmost ease and dispatch. 

THE TERMINAL FACILITIES ARE EXCELLENT. 

The railways run directly to the water's edge, and freight is transferred to 
vessels with the least possible labor and delay, without the assistance of dray- 
raen, lighters, or any other expensive m#ans. Another advantage is the cli- 
mate, which is so mild that outdoor as well as indoor work can be carried on 
without a day's interruption, all the year round; and still another is the 
abundance of cheap labor here available. 

THE GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION 

of Norfolk is extremely favorable to its commercial prosperity. A glance at 
the map will show that Norfolk is the natural outlet of the vast region com- 
prising the greater portion of what is generally known as the New South, 



34 

Louisiana, Texas, southeastern Georgia, Florida and South Carolina may'find 
it more convenient to export by way of New Orleans, Galveston, Savannah 
and Charleston, but the great coal, iron, tobacco, cotton, lumber, tar and food 
producing regions of Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Kentucky, Ala- 
bama and upper Georgia naturally seek Norfolk as the nearest good seaport 
on the route from the southwest t.) the markets in New York, New England, 
New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Europe. Given adequate means of transpor- 
tation, the route by way of Norfolk would afford the smallest possible rail- 
way mileage and the cheapest and best methods ot communication between 
producers and consumers. 

ITS TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES. 

Norfolk now has nine railroads, and others are in contemplation. Six of 
the nine are important trunk lines, conveying here from the North, the 
West and the South, and most of them have been perfected during the last 
year or two. The imposing Norfolk and Western road, traversing the entire 
southern portion of Virginia, and rendering invaluable aid in the work of 
(developing and marketing the rich ores of the Virginia and Tennessee 
mountains. The Seaboard and Roanoke runs down into North Carolina and 
makes important connections at Weldon, Raleigh, etc. The Atlantic and 
Danville is another trunk line running in the same general direction, and is 
intending to make far western connections in the near future. The Norfolk 
and Carolina is a new line tapping the Atlantic coast line in North Carolina, 
and built in the interests of that line and of the West Point Terminal, to se- 
cure for those corporations the advantage of a Norfolk terminus. The Chesa- 
peake and Ohio, the rails of which reach tidewater at Newport News, has 
preferred to establish its official eastern terminus at Norfolk, and makes con- 
nections between those two points by a line of steamboats. Finally we have 
the direct and important connection with the metropolis, known as the New 
York, Philadelphia and Norfolk road, which does an immense business both 
in passenger traffic and in the transportation of truck, farm produce and sea 
food. Besides these there is the Norfolk and Southern, running to Edenton, 
N. C, on Albemarle Sound, a valuable ally of the truck farmers and oystermen 
of one of the most productive portions of the country. The five great lines 
leading to Norfolk from the west and southwest bring hither a heavy freight 
of cotton, coal and mineral ores, and other products of the interior. 

RAILROADS ARE NOT BUILT FOR FUN, 

and thcjse who have invested millions of dollars in the construction of five 
competing lines to Norfolk may be presumed to know what they are about. 
They know, or at least they evidently believe, that Norfolk is destined to be 
a commercial centre of the fii'st rank. They perceive the various natural ad- 
vantages already named, and they look forward to the time when the bulk of 
the exports of the South will come to Norfolk for trans-shipment to Europe 
and to the North, and thus avoid the heavy expense of railway carriage to 



35 

most Northern ports. In conformity with their views, the commerce of Nor- 
folk, always noteworthy as to volume and value, is now seen to be advancing 
with steady and even rapid strides. The city has daily communication by 
steamer with Richmond, Washington and Baltimore, and almost daily with 
New York. 

ITS INDUSTRIES. 

Norfolk has one grain elevator, two cotton mills, and several machine shops, 
where locomotives, carriages, agricultural implements, etc., are made. The 
cheapness with which coal and iron can be now brought hither points to a- 
rapid development of these industries. Another very important factor in the 
business activity of the city and vicinity is the truck farming industry. The 
finest truck farms in the United States are in the suburbs of Norfolk, and their 
savory products find their way regularly to New York, Philadelphia, and 
other great Northern markets within twenty-four or thirty -six hours after 
they are harvested. An analogous industry is the fish and oyster industry of 
Norfolk, which is very extensive, and is connected with the Northern markets 
in like manner. 

Now, thanks to the improved transportation facilities, Norfolk is reaching 
out with her wonderfnl products to all parts of the country and to the world, 
and the end is not yet — in fact, it is tlie belief of the best informed authori- 
ties that the city is only at the beginning of a mighty prosperity. 

ITS ATTRACTIONS. 

The condition of the real estate market is usually a good index to the actual 
prosperity of a place. Real estate was cheap and slow a few years ago. The 
change that has taken place within three short years is almost miraculous. 
New life has entered the veins of the citizens. The population has increased 
nearly 60 per cent, since ISbO, and now numbers about 40,U00. The area of 
the city has been extended lately to more than treble its former size, taking in 
the suburban villages of Brambleton and Atlantic City. On the other side of 
the river Portsmouth and Berkley — practically a part of Norfolk — show simi- 
lar advancement, and new settlements called tSouth Norfolk and West Nor- 
folk have been started. On the Bay and Ocean the beautiful new Summer 
Resorts, Ocean View and Virginia Beach, have contributed to the general 
pleasure and prosperity, and the lands lying alongside the railroads leading to 
those places are in process of rapid development. A large park on the river 
front, similar to the Battery Park in New York, has been ordered by the city 
and will soon be begun. Another park at the East End, involving many pic- 
turesque landscape features, is among the probabilities ; and still another, be- 
yond the present city limits, is talked of. In the northern part of the city, 
between the old and new boundary lines, there will be, ere long, some 

FINE ORNAMENTAL ADDITIONS 

in the way of wide avenues and winding drives, bordered, eventually, doubt- 
less, by handsome residences. In the present fashionable quarter of the city 



36 

a large number of costly new houses in the most modern styles have been 
erected recently, and there is much activity in building this season in all parts 
of the town. The best streets, like Bute, Freemason, etc., are beautiful gardens 
and bowers, with a wealth of towering magnolias, luxuriant roses and all 
manner of lovely trees and flowers. 

The city has been improved radically and incalculably during the last two 
years by the introduction of a thorough system of sewerage, followed by a re- 
l)aving of the principal streets. Previously there were no sewers at all and 
the pavement was of the poorest kind of cobblestone. Now twentj^-two 
miles of sewers afford perfect drainage, and the cobble is rapidly giving place 
to the best kind of block pavement, which is to be laid, eventually, through 
the main body of the town. 

THE WATETl SUPPLY 

Is ample and of excellent quality. The service has been recently reorganized 
in accordance with the most approved modern ideas.- Two years ago the 
supply was only sufficient for 20,000 persons, at the outside, owing to defective 
service. The old apparatus caused a loss of more than 75 per cent, of the 
water power ; but now, since tlie introduction of new machinery and larger 
pipes the supply is suflicient lor 100,000 persons and the loss is not more than 
10 per cent. For these great improvements Norfolk is, in a large measure, 
indebted to the enterprise and ability of its accomplished City Engineer, Mr. 
William T. Brooke, who has labored incessantly during the last eight years in 
behalf of the city's best interest. Other leading citizens and the cily press 
deserve much credit also for their energetic efforts and public spirit. 

ACTIVITY IN REAL ESTATE, 

T^he effect of all these improvements on the value of real estate has been 
very striking. Three typical cases may be cited. In Brambleton three lots 
which were bought four years ago for $80 apiece were sold, the other day, for 
|yOO apiece, and dozens of parallel transactions in that suburb might be men- 
tioned. On Bute street a lot purchased three years ago for $1,500 has just 
been sold for $4,000. In the northern extension of the city a tract of fifty-five 
acres, which was considered almost valueless, and was exchanged for an old 
panorama, worth, perhaps, $500, a few years ago, was recently sold for !f90,000, 
and is to be converted into building lots. These are fair illustrations of the 
recent rise in real estate in Norfolk. Outside capital is flowing in to take ad- 
vantage of this activity. Half a dozen companies for the improvement of 
real estate and the institution and encouragement of manufacturers have 
been formed and are busily at work. These companies are composed of cap- 
italists not only of Norfolk, but also of New York, Philadelphia and Eng- 
land, who have learned the facts detailed in this letter, and have acted accord- 
ingly. They know that Norfolk is the greatest lumber, fish and vegetable 
produce centre in the South ; that it is the third cotton port in the countr,y, 
and bids fair to become the second, if not the first; that it is 



37 

THE TERMINUS OF FIVE GREAT TRUNK LINES 

From the interior ; that its receipts of lumber last year were over 350,000,000 
feet, of meat nearly 20,000,000 pounds, of coal more than 1 ,000,060,ancl that these 
figures show an increase of about 100 per cent, over those of 1888 ; that the 
population is rapidly increasing, the price of real estate advancing by leaps 
and bounds, and the modernization of the city nearing a complete accom- 
plishment; thak the climate is so balmy and the soil so fertile that two or 
three crops are raised annually with scarce any artificial fertilization; and, 
finally, that the societ}' of the town is in the highest degree refined and 
agreeable. 

No wonder that strangers and outside capital are now attracted to Norfolk, 
and that her prosperity in these latter days is so much greater than its old 
citizens ever saw or even dreamed of in the times before the Merrimac 
steamed out of the Elizabeth river. 



A KK'W OUTLET FOK OHIO. 

C. O. Hunter, Esq., of the law firm of Earnhart, Hunter & Butler, 
of Columbus, Ohio, wrote the foUowins^ letter to the Evening; Dis- 
patch, of that city, his observations of this port, as an outlet for 
central Ohio, during a visit to Norfolk and Fortress Monroe, in 
June, 1890: 

Fortress Monroe, Junc 27. — The absorption of the Scioto Valley Rail- 
way Company by the Norfolk and Western Railroad System is a fact of suf- 
ficient interest to the city of Columbus and central Ohio to at least lead to the 
inquiry of the possible benefits which may follow. That conservative Co- 
lumbus, with her unexcelled natural advantages, her industrious spirit, her 
inexorable push and her financial strength may appreciate the opportunities 
which now lie at her threshold, a few facts by way of education may not here 
be amiss. 

THE NORFOLK AND WESTERN RAILROAD 

system, comprising more than 1,200 miles, is owned and officered by far- 
seeing, enterprising and active people. The railway is subsidiarj', or the 
vehicle on which they carry to successful ends the numerous investments 
which they make in undeveloped lands, minerals, timbers, town cites, steam- 
boats and barge interests, terminal, wharf properties, warehouses, grain ele- 
vators, traffic facilities, etc. They arrange and manage so that each interest 
feeds, nourishes, supports and strengthens every other. 

The original main line of 408 miles extends between Norfolk and Bristol, 
Tenn., and is now being double-tracked to accommodate the va^i volume of 
lumber, coal, iron and cotton freights intended for export, coast and foreign. 
There are many branch lines, with others in progress of construction, and to 



38 

be completed within the coming year. It connects by one branch of the 
road with lines that lead to Wilmington, N. C, and to the southwest ; it i(^ 
completing its Clinch Valley extension to a point in Wise county, Va., near 
the Kentucky line, and to connect with the Louisville and Nashville system, 
running from New Orleans to Chicago, and also from the New river south- 
western coal fields division of the road northwestardly to the Ohio river, 
there by bridge to connect with the Scioto and Hocking VaUeys, which are 
arteries into central Ohio, the very heart of the republic. 

The liberal policy of its management has encouraged immigration and in- 
vestment all along its line, and that most promising region of southwestern 
Virginia is now responding everywhere to the touch of capital and enterprise. 

With the Scioto Valley thus absorbed and the Kanawa and Michigan by 
the Chesapeake and Ohio, two additional new rival and direct seaboard 
routes leading to the deepest and most 

COMMODIOUS HAR150H OK THE WORLD. 

So large, indeed, that the entire shipping of the globe could here find a 
haven, having, as she has, a double coast defense through her natural channel 
and byway of the Albemarle and Chesapeake canal, connecting Chesapeake 
Bay with Currituck, Albemarle, Pamlico, Cove and Bogue Sounds and their 
tributary streams. 

Norfolk lies on the north bank of the Elizabeth river, at the confluence of 
the eastern and western branches of that stream, eight miles from Hampton 
Roads and twenty-three miles from Capes Charles and Henr}% on the Atlantic 
coast. The channel of the river at the city is between 1,000 and 1,200 feet 
wide and twenty-two feet deep, low tide ; the current is about one mile per 
hour. 

The county of Norfolk has a population of about 100,000 ; upwards of 
60 000 inhabitants residing within the limits of the port of customs, a terri- 
tory comprising Norfolk proper, Brambleton and Berkley, suburbs and Ports- 
mouth, which has a city government of its own. 

For seventeen miles from Craney Island, five miles down from the two 
cities to a point twelve miles up stream from them, the channel averages one 
and a quarter miles in breadth, and with three feet of tide, twenty-five deep 
at low water and twenty-seven at the flood. 

VESSELS OF TWENTY-SEVEN HUNDRED TONS 

measurement can easily come up to the wharves of both Norfolk and Ports- 
moutii, and those of six thousand tons, gross, have entered. As for Hampton 
Roads, the "Great Eastern," leviathan of ships as shewas, found ample sea 
room in it. 

More than one thousand deep water vessels enter this harbor every year, 
and perhaps one hundred and fifty carry foreign flags. Besides those of the 
port proper, a Liverpool and Brazilian mail line run from Newport News, 
eight miles from Norfolk, and in connection with the Chesapeake and Ohio 
railway. 



39 

The World's Fair bill, as passed Congress, provides that a naval review of 
the ships of this and other nations shall be held in the harbor of New York 
in April, 1893, and that for this purpose they shall rendezvous at Hampton 
Roads before proceeding to New York. 

The cotton export exceeds that ot New York. Last year about 500,000 
bales were shipped. The products grown are exceedingly varied, the ground 
easily worked, and modern agriculture unknown. With development this 
country will become 

THE BELOJIUM OF AMERICA. 

The feature of the agriculture found about Norfolk is the trucking or grow- 
ing of vegetables for Northern markets. The soil is warm, the climate favor- 
able, the rainfall plentiful. There arc about 40,000 acres in this section de- 
voted to trucking. 

THE COUl^XRY AROUP«Di KOMFOLK. 



(From "Virginia as She Is,'" issued 18.sn, by the State Iloard of Agriculture.) 
Norfolk County lies in the southeast corner of the State, bordering on 
Hampton Roads and Chesapeake Bay, with only one county. Princess Anne, 
between it and the sea. It is about thirty-tAvo miles long, north and south, 
and seventeen miles wide* containing nearly 550 square miles. It is bounded 
on the north by Chesapeake Bay and Hampton Roads, on the east by Princess 
Anne County, on the south by North Carolina, and on the west by Nanse- 
mond County, Elizabeth River and Hampton Roads. The county is pene- 
trated by several arms of the sea, viz . Tanner's Creek, Broad Creek. Ma- 
son's Creek and Deep Creek which, vv'ith the three branches of the Elizabeth 
River, viz : tbe "Eastern Branch," "Western Branch" and "Southern Branch," 
con?^t\tute a. yery fine water system, and places each farm in Norfolk County 
within three miles of water transportation. This insures to the Norfolk 
County farmer the cheapest transportation in the world. Two canals connect 
the waters of the Chesapeake with those of the North Carolina «eystem of 
sounds and rivers, thus making all. of eastern North Carolina tributary to 
Norfolk harbor by water. Nine railroads terminate in Norfolk harbor, cut- 
ting Norfolk County in ail directions. Nine beautiful shell turnpikes also 
traverse Norfolk County from all points of the compass, centering on our fine 
harbor. Therefore, we may safely claim that the Norfolk County farmer is 
better supplied with transportation facilities than the farmers of any other 
county in the United States. All the streams of water in Norfolk County are 
effected by the tide, the tide ebbing and flowing to the very heads of all the 
streams. I'his constant ebbing and flowing of the tide carries the salt pure 
waters of the ocean twice each twenty-four hours up all these streams, and 
makes it quite impossible for any water to become stagnant or impure. These 
arms of the sea also afford the finest natural drainage known. The excess of 
rainfall running into them without ever doing a dollars worth of damage by 
flood or freshet. T/ie soil of Xforfolk County is of two general kinds, viz : a 



40 

clay loam and a sandy loam, all underlaid with a good, substantial clay sub- 
soil. The surface of the county is from eight to twenty feet above the sea 
level. The mean annual. rainfall is about fifty-two inches, well distributed 
throughout the 5'ear, of which amount about thirty-five inches falls during 
the growing season, say Irom'the 1st of March to the 1st of October. The 
thermometer ranges in summer from 70° to 90°, seldom going to 95° above 
zero, while in winter it never goes below 20° above zero more than on three 
days, all told, during the winter. This cutting off of the two extremes of heat 
and cold is caused by the fact that the country is practically surrounded on 
three sides by salt water, and the water never goes to either extreme, as the 
water temperature is quite uniform throughout the year. "T/te Gulf Stream,'' 
that great wonder of the Atlantic, which rolls only a few miles off our coast, 
on its way to Europe, has a very pleasing effect on our climate, especially on 
our winter climate. Norfolk County annually produces from !:2,000,000 to 
$8,000,000 worth of market garden vegetables. The famovs Dismal Swamp is 
on a hillside twenty-seven feet above the level of the sea in this hai'bwr. If a 
wide and deep ditch were "dug from tidewater to the lake in the centre of this 
Swamp the water thereof would run out to the sea like a mill race, and the 
Swamp would be a thing of the past. This Swamp was surveyed by Wasli- 
ington at an early day, and the famous Dismal Swamp Canal was surveyed 
and located by him, and he owned large tracts in the Swamp. There are no 
waters in the United States so pure as those of this Swamp. Government 
vessels leaving this harbor for long ocean voyages secure this juniper water 
from the Swamp on account of both its medicinal and keeping qualities. In- 
valids who, with rod and gun, go into this Swamp and spend a few weeks or 
months sleeping on juniper boughs, drinking juniper water and inhaling the 
juniper impregnated air rapidly improve in health, appetite and general 
robustness. 

MASSACHUSETTS AIVO VIRCilNIISA. 

(From Norfolk landmark, November 27, '890.) 

There are many Virginians so conservative that they bend over backwards 
to keep from leaning a little forward. Progress and growth to them mean ex- 
travagance and inflation The brilliant prospects which are pictured tor their 
state and for their own localities, as well as others, are to them the figments 
of a feverish dream. Nevertheless things move on and the doubt of to-day 
becomes the i-eality of to-morrow. 

When the question is asked why should not Virginia do what other States 
with no greater natural resources and not so favorable a situation have done, 
there is no answer. No man can say, for there is no reason. On the contrary 
there is every reason why she should do what other States have done, and 
more. Every reason why her villages should rapidly grow into towns, her 
towns into cities and her cities into vast metropolitan proportions. 



41 

A writer in the New York Journal of Commerce, a. conservative and unim- 
aginative newspaper, discussed, the other day, in an article of some length, 
the comparative advantages of Massachusetts and Virginia in respect to 
development. 

•'What men have done," says he, "men can do again. What Massachusetts 
has done Virginia can do. The Bay State has only one advantage over us. 
Her cold east winds have carried the croaker to the onlj^ place cold enougli 
and dark enough to make him feel at home. He is dead and buried. He 
croaks no more. So much for a bad climate. In all soberness and truth, 
Massachusetts is superior to Virginia only in the splendid energy and the dar- 
ing business courage of her men. If any man knows of one gift with which 
nature has more richly endowed her than Virginia let him name it. Let us 
compare the two States. In climate the Old Dominion is to the Bay State as 
Paradise is to Purgatory. In the variety of her crops and the generosity of 
her soil, Virginia is unsurpassed ; in harbors and in water power, in timber 
and in the variety of wealth of her mineral deposits, few, if any. States sur- 
jiass her. Take all in all, the round world holds no fairer realm. Massachu- 
setts lias an area of 8,030 square miles. Virginia has five times as much ter- 
ritory, capable of supporting two men where Massachusetts supports one." 

A VOICE FROML CAMBRIDGE. 



' By Eclwarrt .Stack, Special Correspondent of the Cambridfre, >[ass.. Triluine. 
October ISth, l^flO'. 

THK CITY OF NORFOLK. 

The heavy sales of real estate which have taken place in the citj^ of Nor- 
folk within the last few weeks are having the natural effect, and the move- 
ments of real estate are watched closely as well by outside parties as by the 
capitalists within the city. 

When we consider the amount invested by outside parties in Virginia 
within the last seven j-ears— that of Philadelphia alone being upwards of 
§7,000.000— the profitable development of her mineral mountains, the exten- 
sion of the railroad interests of the state, the appreciation of properties, the 
enormous amount of cash paid to mechanics, miners and laboring men, and 
lastly, the great consumption of material for building purposes— considering 
all these facts, do the rise and progress of about twelve young cities show a 
result inconsistent with what might reasonably be expected ? 

My own opinion is that the advance apparent is a conservative result of 
the 

MIGHTY INFLUENCES AT WORK, 

and that the day is not far distant when a greater prosperity will show itself. 
When we cannot rule or foresee the order of events, then our 'wisest course is 
to set our sails to the breezes that blow and go on with the tide. There is a 
great deal of conservatism in Norfolk, but the city must accept the inevitable, 
&Rcl repTes^pt.by its progress the destiny thp-t a-vvaits t}i§ State. NorfbJ|? y^^% 



42 

always a lively city when compared with oth?r large cities of Virginia. Its 
papulation to day may be set down at from 35,000 to 40,000. while the imme- 
diate surroundings of Norfolk enable the city to draw benefits from a popu- 
lation of about 60,000. Portsmouth, with nearly 14,000 inhabitants, might 
well be under the same city government, and Berkley is but a suburb of Nor- 
folk. The prosperity of the city to-day is unmistakable. 

EVERY INTEREST IS ADVANCING, 

and shows by figures a cheering ratio in excess of last year's computations. 

Norfolk is deeply interested in the prosperity of Western Virginia, for all 
and any movement increasing the wealth of that portion of the State invigor- 
ates the business life of Norfolk. The coal of Pocahontas is borne to tide 
water at Norfolk, and hundreds of thousands of tons are shipped at the port. 
The cotton traffic alone brings to the city o,000 bales a day, and the foreign 
cotton fleet keeps the compresses busy even to tlie working of the machinery 
day and night. The cotton men expect the receipts of the port to run up to 
700,000 bales this season 

FKEEDOM PROM ICE 

in the harbor, deep water and a good anchorage constitute the essentials which 
go to establish a great harbor or shipping port. All these essentials are pos- 
sessed by Norfolk, and though her place to-day as a city is nothing in pro- 
portion to the importance she hf)lds in her harbor, she can proudly look upon 
twenty-five lines of steamers departing each day from her port. In addition 
to these, her land transportation shows her to possess, with ten lines entering 
the city more railroads than Richmond. 
Norfolk has entered upon 

A GREAT CAREER OF rROSl'ERITY, 

and it is not improbable that the city, under its influence, will grow to a 
population of 100,000 within seven years. All are of the opinion that Nor- 
folk will be the largest city in the State ; there has been no competitor for 
that position but Richinond, and a comparison of the progress m both cities 
leaves little doubt that the opinion pronounced will be fulfilled. 

Gardening for market is carried on extensively all around Norfolk, and the 
•vsalueof the productions raised forms no small item in the exports. I have 
never seen a city of 100,000 a market as well supplied as I saw the Saturday 
I was in Norfolk. The farmers in this part of Virginia are prosperous. I 
have heard of one who made §20,000 in one year from 100 acres of land. Of 
course, this is an exception, but it shows what can be done. With such a 
port as that of Norfolk, by its nearness to the centers of population, north 
and eastwanl, there is no limit to the profitable expansion of such pursuits. 
Two crops are often taken from the same ground under the influence of the 
genial climate of Virginia. 

THF. TIET-D OF FARM PRODUCTIONS 

shipped from the port of Norfolk for 1890 will, it is etimated, reach the cnor- 



43 

mons amount of |4,500,000. These figures are enough to show the value of 
farming industries tributary to the city. 

The surveys have been ordered and the work of construction will soon 
begin on a belt line of railroad to encircle Norfolk, Portsmouth and Berkley, 
connecting all the leading railroad lines, and furnishing facilities for trans- 
ferring cars fo and from these lines and to the various manufactories and 
wharves. This railway will bring all lines centering here into one union depot. 

Norfolk offers unequalled advantages for the establishment of mechanical 
industries, both large and small. Thei'e are already a number here, including 
two cotton factories, with another in course of organization, the last with a 
capital of $300,000 ; shirt factories, basket factories, sash and blind factories, 
fertilizer factories on a large scale, shoe factories, plow works, iron foundries 
and agricultural implement factories, brick yards, a large carriage manufac- 
tory and extensive coffee rr asting and peanut establishments. Negotiations 
are cow being completed for a large steel plant, which will give employment 
to 5,100 hands. 

MANUFACTURING ENTERPBISES 

are to-day seeking lor Southern locations, and Korfolk, as a site possessing 
great advantages, cannot be overlooked. The new industries which will be 
immediately instituted will be a car works, the Chesapeake Knitting Mills, a 
cotton factory and flouring mills, which are to cost over $1,000,000, and will 
insure employment to several hundred hands. 

KAILWAY FACILITIES. 

The building of two new and important railroads during the year goes to 
sustain the opinion so long held by'many that Norfolk is destined to become 
the great centre of the Atlantic coast ; but the advent of two new roads by no 
means embraces all the acquirements in this direction. The Norfolk and 
"Western railroad has contracted lor the extension of its line to the Ohio river, 
including a bridge across that great water highway, and has acquired 131 
miles of additional track by the purchase of the Scioto Valley railroad, which 
penetrates the richest portion of the great state of Ohio, and at Columbus 
connects with railroads diverging to every point of the compass. 

The value of this purchase to Norfolk is equal to the securing of an inde- 
pendent line, and her interest in the Shenandoah Valley road is of great 
consequence also. With this may be mentioned the extension of the Sea- 
board Air Line to Atlanta, and the chartering of several new roads, among 
them the Virginia, Missouri and Pacific, which is the proposed air line be- 
tween Norfolk and the Golden Gate. 

By a special act of Congress Hampton Roads has been designated as 

THE NAVAL RENDEZVOUS OF THE WORLD 

on the occasion of the World's Fair at Chicago, which means that all the 
navies of the world will be represented there. The meeting of those ships 
will be one of the grand historical events of the world, and preparations are 
being made commensurate with its dignity. 



44 

DETJGHTFUL SIRROUNDINGS. 

There is not, perhaps, a city in America that can boast of more delightful 
surroundings than Norfolk. The points of interest and of beauty around the 
harbor have established its fame as a summer and winter resort. The breezes 
from the open sea provide a refreshing coolness from the summer heat, and 
the temperate mildness of Virginia offers a retreat from the freezing condi- 
tion of a Northern climate Norfolk will be a city of 100,000 people in 
seven years. 

Ships for the United States Navy are being built at Norfolk, and it can 
boast of 

THE FINEST DRY DOCK, 

not excepting Califuruia, in the United States. The steamers City of Paris 
and Teutonic, the greyhounds of the Atlantic, use Pocahontas coal, which is 
shipped from the port of Norfolk. The scenes of the battle between the Mer- 
rimac and Monitor, which was fought in Hampton Roads, is almost within 
sight of the city, and is pointed out as you are borne in magnificent steamers 
to points of interest in the harbor. For a charge of fifty cents a beautiful 
steamer will convey you from the city to Fortress Monroe, Avhose bristling 
cannons protect the entrance to the harbor. Close to the Fort is the Hygeia 
Hotel, the grandest institution of the kind in the world. The harbor of Nor- 
folk could afford shelter to all the shipping of the world, and place at their 
disposal twenty-eight feet of water at low tide. 

In this review of this interesting city many items of interest and of public; 
worth are left unnoti(.'ed and undescribed. The city is lighted by electricity 
and gas ; schools and churches are so situated as to show that religion and edu- 
cation go hand in hand for the general good. The street car system is found 
to be insufhcient for the new growth of the city, and more than one company 
to construct an electric car system has been incorporated. The future will 
see in this country a great ship building boom, and Norfolk will certainly take 
a lead as a ship building port. There are being completed here now large 
steel cruisers for the Navy. 



A BELT LINE AROUND THE CIXY. 



From the Cornucopia. 
It is generally well known that the facilities enjoyed by this seaport (Nor- 
folk) for the quick and cheap transferring and handling of all kinds of freight 
are simply unrivalled in the United States. There is no other seaport in the 
Union where the ocean steamers and the many lines of rail are so closely and 
advantageously connected as here. Notwithstanding this a move is now on 
foot to add very materially to these advantages. This move is the "Belt 
Line," so called because it will "belt" or girdle the cities of Portsmouth, 
Berkley and Norfolk, and closely connect five of the great lines of rail tej-- 
r^inatiog on deep water in this grand Ijarbor, This "Pelt I^in^" will closely 



45 

connect and secure harmonious and pleasant traffic relations between the fol- 
lowing railroads, viz : The "Norfolk and Western," "Norfolk and Carolina," 
Norfolk and Southern," "Seaboard and Roanoke," and '"Atlantic and Dan- 
ville." As soon. as the Virginia Beach Railroad is changed from a narrow to 
standard guage it will then include that line, making six lines of rail to be 
benefitted by this "Belt Line." The first two named roads are the ones act- 
ively, engaged in pushing this splendid enterprise. As stated above, it is to 
belt the cities on this harbor with a line of steel just outside the present limits 
of these cities. It opens up a fine stretch of country and brings into market 
some fine bodies of land situated admirably for all kind of manufacturing 
purposes, as well as tor additions to the cities above named. The finest sites 
for factories can be secured on this "Belt Line." As a factory located on the 
"Belt Line" is practically located on all the above named six lines of road 
connected by the said "Belt Line." 

At this time there is no section in the United States that offers such ad- 
vantages to the manufacturers as Norfolk, Va. The raw material can be 
brought to the factory by any one of the numerous steamboat or railroad 
lines entering here, while the manufactured articles can be shipped to all 
points of the compass at the most favorable rates known. The freight service 
is fine and the rates very low indeed. The "Belt Line" is a good move in the 
right direction. 



PREDICXIOI^S. 



From the Cornucopia. 

In less than ten years time the Government will have extensive and expen- 
sive fortifications at Cape Henry — one of the guardian capes of the royal 
Chesapeake. A railroad will be built from Norfolk either direct to Cape 
Henry or via Ocean View and thence along the shores of the Chesapeake- 
The old canal project, of connecting the waters of the Eastern Branch of 
the Elizabeth River with those of Lynnhaven will be revived and carried 
out. A rolling mill will be established at Lambert's Point. The whole coast 
from Sewall's Point around to Currituck inlet will be one continuous health 
and pleasure resort, both in summer and winter. Every foot of land with a 
fair water frontage will double twice or more in value. Norfolk will extend 
from Tanner's Creek on the north to Broad Creek on the east. West Norfolk 
will extend across to the Nansemond River, and Portsmouth will be ofi"ering 
town lots in the great Dismal Swamp, ofl"ering as inducements canal trans- 
portation and juniper water. The Belt Line will girdle the "Twin Cities.' 
Electricity will propel our street cars. The air line railroad from Charleston, 
S. C, to Norfolk, will be built. The Norfolk and Western railroad will be 
double-tracked its entire length. The Chesapeake and Ohio will have a deep 
sea terminus on the south end of Chesapeake Bay . 



46 

UP TO DHTE-JHNUHRY, 1591. 

8iuce the action of the Chamber of Commerce late in October last, to print 
10,000 copies of this report, pains have been taken to elaborate and expand 
the iniormation then given, and include transactions which have been occur- 
ing daily since that time. In fact, it was deemed advisable to extend the re- 
port up to the close of the year 1890, and this resolve now enables us to make 
some of our figures more interesting to those who are seizing with avidity 
every line appertaining to Norfolk. Transactions in trade, commerce, real 
estate, finances, etc., are now given as thoroughly as can be had on the eve of 
1891, and comparison made when possible. 

Elsewhere we give the transfers of real estate in Norfolk, Portsmouth and 
the county of Norfolk, and any comparison of figures with former years in 
this branch of business would be like comparing a mountain to a mole hill, 
or John L. Sullivan to Tom Thumb. This remarkable activity has been else- 
where accounted for, and from present indications is likely to continue around 
Norfolk for some time to come. 

The conditions here are so well marked, and understood, that present val- 
ues are more likely to advance than recede. Yet, if this opinion proves er- 
ronerous, time will show that those who have builded well will fare well in 
the end. 

The Receipts op Cotton at this port for the four months ending December 
31st, 1890, show 405,781 bales, against 301,572 bales for same period ending De- 
cember 31, 1889, showing an increase of 104,209 bales. These periodical reports 
of Mr. Bell,' the Secretary and Superintendent of the Cotton Exchange, are 
very interesting reading to those who are watching with keen interest the 
trade of this port 

In General Mekchandise the year 1890 shows in many articles large 
gains over the preceding year. 

Receipts of lumber and logs for 

1890 359..509,693 feet. 

1889 309,098,594 " 

Increase 50,411,099 feet. 

or more than fifty millions of feet increase over 1889. 

Staves show some decline in the year past, but shingles held their own and 
reached fifty-three millions. Railroad ties show an increase of over a 
million. In grain, groceries and provisions the receipts show for the year in 
many articles a marked increase over the figures given herein for 1889 on 
pages 14 and 15. Coal oil reached 45,019 barrels, and cotton seed oil 53,213 
])arrels. Naval stores 43,058 barrels against 22,375 in 1889. Pocahontas coal 
increased for the year 140,000 bushels, or a total of 1,159,019 bushels for 1890. 

The cotton crop in the Carolinas and eastern Virginia, as in the South gen- 
erally, was a large one, and our receipts, elsewhere given, for the four months, 
September 1st to December 31st, have largely augmented our bank balances 
and exports. 

Altogether our merchants haVe reason to rejoice over the results of the 



47 

year ; they find very few of their number missing from the ranks, and not- 
withstanding the financial cramp, which has been serious in many quarters, 
the trade and resources of the South have developed wonderful strength. 

OUR BANKS AISU CLEARING HOUSE. 

From published reports made late in December, 1890, we con- 
dense the following figures : 

CLEARING HOUSE FIGURES COMPARED FOR SIX YEARS. 

1005 ..$33,228,851 

1886 40,342,389 

1887 42,013,162 

-1888 '. ' 45,447,259 

*i889 39,945,470 

1890.' .■.*.■.■.■;.■.■'.■'!.. :.■..■ 48,210,486 

*Accounted for by short cotton crop. 

BANKING HOUSES. 

CAPITAL. 

Norfolk National Bank $400,000 

Citizens' Bank 200,000 

Marine Bank 100,000 

Bank of Commerce 100.000 

Norfolk Savings Bank. , 25,000 

Norfolk Trust Company 20.000 

Union Savings Bank ... 20,000 

Merchants' and Mechanics' Savings Bank 10,000 

Burruss, Son & Co. j p^.^^^^^ ^^^^^ 
John D. Cordon & Co. J 
Following figures embrace a condensed statement of the financial 
condition, in the aggregate, of the banking houses only : 

Capital stock I 885,000 

Surplus fund 160,000 

Undivided profits 232,644 

Deposits 4,080,867 

Loans and discounts 3,447,802 

Investments (bonds) 898,640 

ENTERPRISES ESXABI^ISHEO IN I890. 



There were completed, within the city limits, during the year 1890, the 
following enterprises : 

One soap factory, of large capacity. 

One four story warehouse, the largest in the State, for cleaning and pre- 
paring peanuts for the trade. 

One boot and shoe factory. 

One wagon and carriage factory. 

One cotton and knitting factory. 

One large, modern constructed hotel, on the main thoroughfare. 



48 

One flour mill, with the latest improvements and roller process. 

There is in contemplation, with almost (certain accomplishment iluring 
18!»1, the following additional enterprises : 

An ice factory, capacity sixty tons per day. 

A cotton iactory. 

A packing house. 

Chemical works. 

Cotton seed oil mill. 

Cotton yarn mill. 

Paper and wooden box factory. 

A hat factory, with the capacity for 400 operatives, removed here from 
New York 

To reach the several villages which are springing up within three miles of 
the city there will be horse and electric railway lines in all directions. 

The purchasers of contiguous lands are pushing with wonderful energy 
the development of their properties, and the outlook for employment is very 
pleasing. , 

PORT CHAROES IB( I«i(ORFOI.K. 



The following rates, now in force, are given for the use of those interested ; 

Pilotage from Sea to Norfolk. — Ten feet and under, $2.50 per foot ; 18 
feet and over 10, $3.00 per foot ; 14 feet, $3.50 per foot ; 16 feet, .■i;4.00 per 
foot, and over 18 feet $4.50 per foot. The pilotage from Norfolk to the sea is 
at same rates. 

Pilotage between Norfolk and Newport News, and in Norfolk harbor, §10. 

Pilotage between Norfolk and West Point, $25. 

Wharfage. — One cent, per net registered ton per day on steamers; on sail- 
ing vessels, one cent per ton per day on the first 300 tons register, and a half 
of one cent per ton per day on tonnage exceeding 800 tons. 

Stevedoring cotton, 35 cents per bale; stevedoring dead weight, oak plank, 
40 cents per ton; grain (bulk), $3.00 per 1,000 bushels. 

Towing — Shitting with ship's steam, $15.00 ; shifting without ship's 
steam, $?5.00 to $30 00 ; harbor towage, $15.00. 

Coal, $3.35 per long ton trimmed in bunkers. 

Water — Small quantities, 4o per gallon ; large quantities, Jc per gallon. 

Hauhor Master — Fees (port), $5.00; docking fees, $5.00. 

Quarantine fees, $7.00 

The distance from Norfolk to British and Continental ports is the same as 
from New York, and shorter to South American ports. 

Our proximity to the consuming marts of this country is shown by the fol- 
lowing figures: 

Boston, 20 hours by rail, 40 by water. 

New York, 12 hours by rail, 21 by water. 

Philadelphia, 10 hours by rail, 18 by water. 

Baltimore, 8 hcniis by rail, 12 by water. 

Washington, 7 hours by rail, 12 by water. 

Richmond (State Capitol), by rail, 2j hours, by the James river line, which 
has special historic attractions, 10 hours. 

Cincinnati, by rail 23 hours. 

Chicago, by rail 34 hours. 

St. Louis, by rail 34 hours. 

Norfolk is nearer than New York to San Francisco. 



The Equitable Life fm^mi Society 

OF THE UNITED STATES. 

THE LARGEST, STRONGEST & BEST 

LIFE ASSURANCE COMPANY 

IN THE WORLD. 



Before Insuring your Life, call upon, or address 

Manager and General Agent for Eastern Va., 

01 Commerce Steeet, Norfolk, Va. 
H. L. MYERS, 

Local and Special Agent. 



A. MYERS, H. L. MYERS. 

Fresident Norfolk Real Estate Exchange. 

A. MYERS & CO., 

4Real Estate Agents and RilGtioneersfH 

No. 61 COrvirvlERCE STREET, 
NORFOLK, VA. 



Property Sold Privately or at Auction. 

Houses and Lots in all parts of Norfolk and 

surrounding country for sale. 

Farms for sale. 



TOWN OF LAMBERT'S POINT 



JDJOINIflG THE CITY OF NORFOLK, 



SITUATION. 

The large reservation of the Norfolk and Western Railroad adjoins the northwest 
boundary of the city of Norfolk, lying about two miles from the City Hall. Imme- 
diately North of this grand railroad terminus, the Lambert's Point Company, and the 
Lambert's Point r,;ui(l Company, have purchased one hundred and sixty-ftve acres of 
high and well-draiiu'd land, situated on the Elizabeth River; and have laid out in rec- 
tangular blocks tln' niDSt beautiful and attractive town site in Eastern Virginia. 
As soon as the pDimlation justifies, an Electric Plant, Gas and Water Works will be 
established, supiilyiug the two great necessities of domestic economy at a minimum 
cost. The town is now connected with the business part of Norfolk and Portsmouth 
by a steam ferry, and a street railway is to be constiucti il from the terminus of the 
city railway to the town of Lambert's Point as soon as possible. Pocahontas Avenue, 
^0 feet wide, extends from the Bowden's Ferry Uoad tlirough the town and through 
a portion of the yard of the Norfolk and Western Railroad to the Elizabeth River. 
The lots are 35x135 feet, and afford unrivalled sites for suburban residences. Lam- 
bert's Point Road, 6') feet wide, divides the town from the railroad j-escrvation. Shen- 
andoah, Uui)p,iliannock and Potomac Streets, 60 feet wide, with lots ;.'5xl35 feet and 
35x100 feet, atford opportunities for mechanics, clerks and artisans employed by the 
Railroad Company, in its offices, warehouses and shops, and by other large industries 
to be erected within the limits of the town, to secure pleasant and convenient homes 
at moderate prices. The Ocean Terminus of the Norfolk and Western System will 
,make Lambert's Point within two years the busiest commercial centre in the south- 
ern states, and will alone give employment to enough inhabitants to make every lot 
in the new town of great intrinsic value, independent of the other industries which 
are contemplated by the two companies in their manufacturing reservations. 

COAL. 

There is now shipped from theLambert's Point Coal Pier nearlylOO,000 tons of Pocahon- 
tas Coal per month, and within the year ending December 31st, 1890, 384 foreign steam- 
ships have called at this pier for coals. Another immense coal pier constructed of 
iron is fast nearing completion, and it is expected that one million 
and a half tons of Pocahontas steam coal will be shipped from Lambert's Point this 
year. Resides the Pocahontas cual, shijinn'iit olgas coal from the Clinch Valley to 
"Lambert's Point has connuenced; and it is estimated that a quarter of a million of 
tons of this superior gas coal will be received for shipment this year. Steam and gas 
coal are available at minimum tidewater prices at the town of Lambert's Point. 

IRON. 

Preparations are being made to ship a large ])ortlon of the product of the iron fur- 
naces tributary to llie Norfolk and Western System, to Lambert's Point, and to have 
a large storage jard toi- the jiig irim and iTon (ire, where itean be held, negotiable re- 
ceipts being issued for the same. Mauulacturers in the town of Lambert's Point can 
obtain the ore and pig iron at lowest coastwise prices. 

STOCK YARDS. 

A company is being formed to erect extensive stock yards for the shipment of cat- 
tle, adjoining the Norfolk and Western reservation on the east and convenient to 
the town of Lambert's Point; but sufficiently distant to prevent its being- 
objectionable. 

COTTON DISTRICT. 

It is contemplated to dedicate twenty acres more or less of the Railroad reserva- 
tion at Lambert's Point, with piers, fireproof warehouses, presses, sheds, etc., for 
handling all the cotton business of the port of Norfolk and Portsmouth in the most 
approved manner at a minimum cost. 



THROUGH COASTWISE AND FOREIGN BUSINESS. 

The Norfolk and Western Railroad Company has filled in some thirty acres of its 
water front, and constructed the larg-est merchandise warehouse in the Soutb for ac- 
commodating its coastwise and foreign business, with ample room for erecting 
additional warehouses as business demands. These wharves, like those of the 
coal piers, can accommodate the largest steamships afloat, having 26 feet of water at 
low tide. 

COMPLETION OF THE CLINCH VALLEY AND OHIO EXTENSIONS. 

With the completion of the Clinch Valley extension to connect with the vast Lou- 
isville and Nashville System, in 1891, and the Ohio extension to connect with the 
Scioto Valley Railroad to Columbus, Ohio, in 1893, there will pour into Lambert's 
Point a vast amount of cotton, grain, tobacco, provisions, etc., from the INorthwest, 
West and Soutliwest,and make the mile of piers at Lambert's Point a busy hive of in- 
dustry, sufficient to support a large community, which will need homes in the town 
of Lambert's Point. 

THE MACHINE SHOPS OF THE EASTERN DIVISION. 

The machine shops of the Eastei-n Division of this great railroad system will be 
situated on the street which separates the Railroad property from the town of Lam- 
bert's Point, and will steadily employ from 350 to 300 skilled machinists. The repairs 
of the coal cars, which are emptied here, will alone give employment to a large 
force of mechanics. 

THE TERMINUS OF THE BELT LINE. 

The deep water terminus of the Belt Line, which will shortly be commenced to 
connect all the Railroad Systems coming to this harbor, will be at Lambert's Point; 
and manufacturers in the town of Lambert's Point will be enabled to receive 
Through Bills of Lading from any of the roads, so as to ship to any part of the 
continent by rail, while enjoying the facility of water carriage to all parts of the 
globe. 

INDUSTRIES CONTEMPLATED. 

The two Companies ownia<;- Ihis property are negotiating for the establishment of 
a large Iron Ship Building Plant, Tin Plate Works, a Canning Establishment, a Lum- 
ber Mill, &c. Any Manufacturers looking for a site, having unsurpassed facilities 
for distribution by land and water would do well to correspond with the undersigned. 

WATER SUPPLY. 

An Artesian well has been planted at Lambert's Point, yielding, at six hundred 
feet, fifty gallons of good water per n^inute. The supply of water in the town of 
Lambert's Point maj' therefore be regarded as unlimited. 

THE FIRST SUBURBAN PARK FOR NORFOLK CITY. 

The beautiful park which these two Companies have dedicated forever to the pub- 
lic, and which every lot owner will have a right to enter and enjoy, is the first 
suburban park established in the neighborhood of Norfolk Citj', and when connected 
by a street railway with the city will be a great pleasure resoi-t and add to the at- 
tractions of the town of Lambert's Point. 

WIIvLIAlVl LAMB, 

President Lambert's Point Co., 
and Lambert's Point Land Co. 

FOR PURCHASE OF LOTS 

Sppli{ io tlie Memljers of the Norfolk Gitij Real Estate Exchaiige. 



lVcurgus d. smith. wm. pannill. 

SMITH S PANNILL, 
Real Estate Brokers, 

CITY, SUBURBAN AND TOWN PROPERTY FOR SALE. 



SEE WHAT WILL BE DONE IN NORFOLK IN THE 
NEAR FUTURE, 

The lieading City of the South. 



The Norfolk and Carolina Railroad, about completed, have expended $300,- 
000 in Norfolk. The Norfolk and Western Railroad Company are double- 
tracking their road and will spend $2,000,000 at Lambert's Point in improve- 
ments. Union Depot to cost ,$100,000 will be built by the numerous railroads 
running into the city. Atlantic and Danville Railroad has just been com- 
pleted. A new knitting mill is now being erected in this section. A Marl 
and Phosphate Company has just been started. A glass factory is in contem- 
plation. A Northern syndicate has bought out the Dismal Swamp Canal 
Company, and have increased their capital $1,000,000. Several large Gov- 
ernment shi'ps are being built at the Norfolk Navy- Yard ; also a Marine Bar- 
racks to cost !?100,000. The city is now building a new market house to cost 
$100,000 or more. Congress has appropriated $200,000 for a Postoffice and 
United States Court-room. City of Norfolk has appropriated $15,000 for a 
new city Almshouse. There has by the last Legislature been annexed to the 
city about 1,250 acres of land. The Belt Line around the city will be soon 
built at^a large outlay of money. The Louisville and Nashvile Railroad and 
other lines will be in our city in twelve months. Many other improvements 
are being made here, and with the advantages and enterprises, fine harbor, 
etc., we have a brilliant future. Investors should not hesitate to locate in our 
midst. 

SMITH 5l PHNNILL, 

Real Estate Brokers, 

}>5 MAIN ST., NORFOLK, VA. 



BARTON MYERS. F. M. KILLAM. 

Mykrs & Co., 



(ESTABLISHED 1786,) 



rviZ^i^L^ I30 1 j\ 1 HT^ 



2Nro:K3F'oiL.:EC, "tt-u^. 



AGEPJXS FOR 

NORFOLK WA.TER FRONT DEVELOPMENT CO., 
LAMBERT'S POINT COMPANY OF NORFOLK, 
LAMBERT'S POINT WATER FRONT CO. 
NEW NORFOLK LAND CO., 

NORFOLK LAND & IMPROVEMENT CO., 
LAMBERT'S POINT INVESTMENT CO., 
ATLANTIC IMPROVEMENT CO., 
WEST END REAL ESTATE CO., 

WEST- ATLANTIC CITY LAND CO., 

NORFOLK ROLLISTON COMPANY 

CORRESPONDENCE SOLICITED. 

Information and statistics furnished with regard to invest- 
ments in Norfolk Real Estate and Stocks, and 
investments made on orders from 
pytside parties, 



W B. ROGERS. President. A. S. MARTIN S- y. and Treas. S. P. PULLER. Mannaer. 

Quo DOMINION CREOSOTING WORKS. 




Office, 45 MAIN ST., NORFOLK, VA. 



11 'U'll » rlP 

Works, MONEY POINT. 



ROBERT W, LAMB & CO,, 

36 MAIN STREET, 

NOHFOLK, VA. 



SPECIALTIES : 

Norfolk City and Lambert's Point Lots, 
Wytheville Villa Lots, 

Wttiie County Mineral Lands, 

Land Company Stock. 

) Col. Wm. Lamb, President Chamber of Commerce 
REFERENCES [ Norfolk City. 

) F. J. Kimball, Esq., Pres. N. & W. R. R., Philadelphia. 



N. B. — Please write or call for our Catalogue of Inducements 
for Investors. 

LEIGH BR0S. St PHELPS. 

(Established 1865. > 

t^eal Estate Agents & Bpokeps 

KO. 57 MAIPi STKLEEX, MOKFOLK, VA., 

Opposite the New Atlantic Hotel. 

City, Suburban, and Water Front Properties, Timber, Mineral and 
Farming Lands in desirable locations. 

Letters of Inquiry will Receive Prompt Attention. 

OLD DOMINION CREOSOTING WORKS, 

SAM'L D, PULLER, Geii'l Manager, NORFOLK, VA. 



We Creosote Piles, Decking for Vessels, Posts, Joists, Sills, Sleepers 

for Houses, Railroad Ties, Telegraph Poles and Arms, and 

all Lumber exposed to Damp or Water. 

Creosoted Lumber is indestructible and proof against all insects and decay, 
particularly the "Teredo-Navalis," or Ship Worm. We use only'TA^ Dead 
Oil of Coal Tar Creosote." Thousands of dollars saved by the use of it. 
Orders will receive prompt attention. (See page 54.) 



E3::E].i^:DQi:T.^ieTE):Ees 



-FOR- 



NORTH CAROLINA PINE. 

The Tuqis Lun]BE]^ Ko,, 

NORFOLK, VA. 

BAND AND GANG-SAWHD LUMBER. 



The Largest and l)est Equipped Establishment in the 

South, and in fact the Larg-est in America 

in the same hne of business. 



Total output of their mills in 1890 was eighty millions of feet of 
manufactured lumber. 

The Company own stumpage enough to last many years, and 
will, no doubt, continue at the head of the list in manufacturing 
North Carolina Pine. 

Facilities tor shipping are unexcelled, both by rail and water. 

Lumber delivered anywhere. 

Write for particulars to NORFOLK., VA., or 

Mo. 3o\4th Street, Baltimore, Md, 



GO TO VIRGINIA ! 

WHERE THE DEVELOPIflENT IS THE WIDEST ! 

WHERE THE OPPORTUNITIES ARE THE GREATEST ! 

WHERE ALL ARE WELCOME ! 

The most desirable location in the South for the manufacture of wagons, 
stoves, agricultural implements, furniture, or for foundries, machine shops, 
rolling mills, muck bar mills, tin plate works, cotton tie works, iron pipe 
works, car works, horse and mule shoe factories, nail works, glass works, 
<;otton or woolen mills, tanneries, and diversified manufactures of every 
character are to be found in Virginia, along the line of the Norfolk & Wes- 
tern Railroad from Norfolk, Va., and Hagerstown, Md., to Bristol, Tenn., 
and upon its branch lines. Hard wood of every variety ; pig iron from the 
furnaces at Lynchburg (2), Roanoke (3), Shenandoah (1), Pulaski (1 in opera- 
tion and 1 under construction), Ivanhoe (1), Radford (1 now under con- 
struction), Salem, Graham, Max Meadows, Bristol and Buena Vista (1 at each 
point under construction) ; bar iron from the rolling mills at Richmond (1), 
Roanoke {1 in operation and 1 under construction), Lynchburg (1), Richlands 
and Shenandoah (1 now under constructon at each point) ; coke and semi- 
bituminous coal from the Pocahontas Flat Top field; superior gas coals from 
the mines on the Clinch valley extension ; glass sand from Tazewell county ; 
cotton from the markets of the Southern States, and wool from the Western 
and Southern States and Territories, at advantageous freight rates. Favor- 
xible freight rates made upon raw materials to all factories established upon 
its lines, as well as to all points in the United States and Territories upon 
the manufactured articles. 

Those seeking new fields for manufacturing establishments should not fail 
to investigate the wonderful development of iron, coal and coke industries 
that has been made within the past five years along the line of the Norfolk 
and Western Railroad, and the advantages off'ered by the State of Virginia 
in the supply of raw materials ; by the Norfolk and Western Railroad in the 
matter of freight facilities and rates upon raw materials, and for reaching 
home, far-distant and foreign markets, and by the cities and towns along its 
lines in the way of advantageous sites, free or at moderate cost. Many of 
the cities and towns exempt manufacturing establishments from taxation for 
a series of years. 

For further information as to freight and passenger rates and sources of 
supply of raw material, maps of the Norfolk and Western Railroad and its 
extensions now under construction, time-tables, pamphlet and reference 
book descriptive ol the territory tributary to its lines, apply to 

W. B, BEVILL, A. POPE, 

Gea'l Pass. Agt., Roanoke, Va. Gen'l Frt. Agt., Roanoke, Va 

CHAS. G. EDDY, 

Vice-President, Roanoke, Va. 



58 



LIST OF MEMBERS-JANUARY, 1891. 



Agelasto, A. M., 
Allvn.Jos. T., 
Allen, W. F. & Co., 

Barnard, W. H. & Co., 
Bank of Commerce., 
Barber & Co., 
Barrett, G. & R., 
Blackburn, J. B. & Co., 
Bruce & Terry., 
Borum, Jas. T., 
Burk & Co., 
Burroughs «& Bro., 
Burruss, Son & Co., 
Bowden, Geo. E., 

Cassell & Cassell, 
Carney, S. B., 
Cooke, W. M. & Co., 
Cooke, Clark & Co., 
Cooke, R. B., 
Culpeper & Turner., 

Davis, M. L. T. & Co., 
Day, John H. & Co., 
Dillard, G. M., 
Dobie, R. A. & Co., 
Doyle, W. H., 
Dodson, R. A., 
Dunn, Geo. R., 

Edwards & Fiveash., 
Edwards, O. E., 
Elliott, Ghas. G., 
Everett Bros. & Gibson. 

Farquharson, D. H., 
Farmers Mfg. Co., 
Franklin, W. S., 
Foster, W. E. & Co., 

Catling, N. P. & Co., 
Graves, W. A., 
Glennan, M., 



(Ralli Bros.) Cotton buyers. 
Attorney-at-Law. 
Wholesale grocers. 

Stoves, tinware, etc. 

T. A. Williams, pres. 

Agents for Liv. and London S. S. Lines.- 

Wholesale grocers. 

Merchandise brokers. 

Wholesale grocers. 

(Pearce & Borum) Cotton factors. 

Clothiers and men's furnishings. 

Attorneys-at- Law. 

Bankers. 

M. C. 

Architects. 

Real estate. 

Grain dealers. 

Sash, doors and blinds. 

Gen. F. and P. Agt. N. Y., P. & N. R.R. 

Agents Old Dominion S. S. Co. 

Wholesale grocers. 

Produce commission. 

Attorney-at-Law. 

Cotton factors and general commission. 

Cashier Citizens' Bank. 

Manager New Atlantic Hotel. 

Real estate. 



Publishers Public Ledger. 
Pres. Virginia Pilot Association. 
Treasurer Norfolk and Carolina R. 
Cotton factors. 

Manager Baltimore United Oil Co. 
J. Frank East, president. 
Auditor Va. and Tenn. Air Line. 
Gas fitters and plumbers. 

Printers and stationers. 
Retired ship builder. 
Publisher Norfolk Virginian. 



R. 



59 



Greenwood & Bro., 
Grandy, C. W. & Son, 
Groner, V. D., 
Gurley & Rogers, 

Hamburger Bros., 
Harmanson & Heath, 
Hodges, Harry, 
Howard, Paul R., 
Hunter, J. W. & Co., 
Hudgins, H. C. 
Hill, Rowland, 



Jewelers. 

Cotton factors. 

President Consolidated Compress Co's. 

Shingles and lumber. 

Wholesale tobacconists. 
Attorneys-at- Law. 
President Etna Iron Works. 
Wood and willow ware, etc. 
Wholesale dry goods and notions. 
Gen. Pass. Agt, Norfolk Southern R. R. 
Real estate. 



Imp'ingand Ex'ing Salt Co., W. D. Denby, manager. 



Johnson & Kilby, 
Jones, Jesse & Son , 
Jordan, C. D., 
Johnson, G., Lumber Co. 
Johnston, Geo. W., 

Lamb, Wm. & Co., 
Landmark Co., 
Leigh, Bros. & Phelps., 
Lowenberg, David, 

Mayer & Co., 
Mason, M. W. & Co., 
Myers & Co., 
Myers, A., 
McCarrick, J. W., 
Mclntyre, P . P., 
Mcintosh, George, 

Nash, C. A. & Co., 
Nottingham & Wrenn, 
N. and P. Transfer Co., 



Merchandise Brokers. 
Grain dealers. 
Produce commission. 
Lumber millers. 
Capitalist. 

Coal and shipping. 
Publishers Landmark. 
Real estate agents. (See ad.) 
Capitalist. 

Engineers' and machinists' supplies. 

Real estate agents. 

Real estate. ( See ad.) 

Life insurance and real estate (see ad). 

General agent Clyde Line. 

Furniture, carpets, etc. 

Attorney-at-Law. 

Sash, doors and blinds. 
Ice, coal and wood. 
Baggage agents. 



Osborne, N. M., General agent N. & W. R. R. 

Old Dom'ionCreosotingCo., Samuel D. Puller, manager. (See ad.) 



Perry, J. W. & Co., 
Pollard, B. G. & Co. 
Poindexter, Parke L 

Ramsey, C. G., 
Randal], Wm. 



Cotton factors. 

Cotton and general commission. 

Real estate agent. 

President Norfolk National Bank. 
Agent Baltimore Steam Packet Co. 



6o" 



Reid, Chas <Sc Son, 
Reynolds Bros., 
Richardson, F., 
Roper, John L., 
Rufifin & Tomhn, 

Smith & Pannill, 
Smith, I'eter & Co., 
Smith, O. v., 
Shields, L. H., 
Spandour, A. L., 
Stires, R. W., 
Shoemaker, S. B., 

Taylor, W. H., 
Taylor, Washington & Co. 
Taylor & Loyall, 
Taylor, G. W. & Co., 
Taylor, S. J., 
Thomas, S. J. & Co., 
Tredwell, A. & Co., 
Tunstall & Thorn, 
Tunis Lumber Co., 
Tunis & Eccles, 

Umstadter, M. & Co., 

Vance, E., 
Vaughan & Barnes, 
■ Vermillion, John, 

Walke & Williams, 
Walke & Son, 
Walke, Henry, 
Watters & Martin, 
Weld, FrankliH, 
Williams, T. A. & Co., 
Williams, H. C, 
White & Garnett, 
White, J. B., 
White, E. V. & Co., 
Womble, J. G. «& Son, 
Wordey, R. M. Stuart, 
Wrenn, Whitehurst & Co., 
Wright, Richard H., 

Zachary, R. Y., 



Fertilizers and staves. 
Cotton buyers and shipping. 
Insurance and real estate. 
President Roper Lumber Co. 
Attorneys-at-Law. 

Real' estate agents. (See ad.) 

Dry goods. 

Agent Seaboard and Roanoke R. R. 

Real estate. 

Artesian wells. 

Truckers' package supplies. 

Gen. F. and P. Agt. N. & V. B. R. R. 

President Marine Bank. 

Wholesale grocers. 

Fine groceries and liquors. 

Ice, coal and wood. 

Wines and liquors. 

Boot and shoe dealers. 

Cotton {"actors. 

Attorneys-at-Law. 

North Carolina pine. (See ad.) 

Lumber dealers. 

Dry goods and furniture. 

Wines and liquors. 

Cotton tactors. 

Fine wines, liquors and segars. 

Drugs, paints, oils, etc. 

General insurance agents. 

Hardwai e, steamboat and mill supplies. 

Wholesale hardware. 

President A. &. C. Canal Co. 

Wholesale grocers. 

Brick manufacturer. 

Attorneys-at-Law. 

Produce commission. 

Railroad and steamboat supplies. 

Hardware uealers. 

President A. & D. R. R. 

Agricultural implement manufacturers. 

Agent Merch. and Miners Trans. Co. 

Merchandise broker. 



On page 4n, si. dines up from bottom read t.)xs instead of huaheU of Poca- 
hontas Coal. 




AI^» ITS SURROVIVDir^GS. 




.-^ 



